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BM211 microbiology > Block D 2 > Flashcards

Block D 2 Flashcards

protozoan cell biology and disease

1
Q

what is entamoeba histolytica

A

a pathogenic protist

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2
Q

how is entamoeba histolytica transmitted

A

through contaminated water and food

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3
Q

what disease does entamoeba histolytica cause

A

amoebiasis

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4
Q

what does entamoeba histolytica produce

A

cysts
infective form resistant to gastric acids in the stomach

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5
Q

what does excystation lead to (entamoeba histolytica)

A

8 trophozosites/cysy in the small intestine

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6
Q

symptoms of amoebiasis

A

can be asymptomatic
or lead to diarrhea and/or dysentry (inflammatory diarrhea)

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7
Q

if left untreated what can amoebiasis cause

A

can invade the liver and occasionally the brain (10%)

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8
Q

treatment of amoebiasis

A

azoles
in particular metronidazole
(paramomycin or iodoquinol for luminal amoebiasis)

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9
Q

diagnosis of amoebiasis

A

cysts in the stool

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10
Q

symptoms of non invasive infection of entamoeba histolytica

A

intestinal disease
diarrhea
ulcers in colon

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11
Q

symptoms of invasive infection of entamoeba histolytica

A

extraintestinal disease
abscess in liver, lung, and brain

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12
Q

what is balantidium coli

A

ciliated, intestinal human and swine parasite

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13
Q

how are infections caused in balantidium coli

A

cysts

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14
Q

how is balantidium coli transmitted in humans

A

through faecally contaminated water

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15
Q

what are symptoms of balantidium coli and what does it resemble

A

can be asymptomatic
or lead to diarrhea and/or dysentry (inflammatory diarrhea)
amoebiasis

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16
Q

how is balantidium coli diagnosed

A

in stool and colon tissue

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17
Q

treatment of balantidium coli

A

tetracycline
metronidazole
iodoquinol

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18
Q

what is giardia intestinalis

A

flagellated anaerobic parasite

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19
Q

what does giardia intestinalis have

A

mitosomes (mitochondial remnant organelles)

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20
Q

what does giardia intestinalis produce

A

highly resistant cysts

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21
Q

what disease can giardia intestinalis cause

A

giardiasis (a common waterborne disease)

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22
Q

symptoms of giardiasis

A

-explosive foul smelling diarrhea
-intestinal cramps
-nausea
-weight loss
-malaise

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23
Q

diagnosis of giardiasis

A

cysts and trophozoites in faeces

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24
Q

treatment of giardiasis

A

metronidazole nd tinidazole

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25
Q

what is trichomonas vaginalis

A

flagellated anaerobic parasite

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26
Q

how is trichomonas vaginalis transmitted

A

transmitted person to person by sexual intercourse
can survive on moist surfaces and so can also be transmitted via toilet seats, sauna benches, and towels

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27
Q

symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis in males

A

mostly asymptomatic

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28
Q

symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis in females

A

vaginal purulent discharge
itching
burning

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29
Q

how is trichomonas vaginalis diagnosed

A

by microscopy and cell culture from patient secretions

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30
Q

how is trichomonas vaginalis treated

A

metronidazole

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31
Q

what is cryptosporidium parvum

A

protist that lives as a parasite in warm blooded animals

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32
Q

what does cryptosporidium parvum cause

A

diarrhea

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33
Q

what does cryptosporidium produce

A

thick walled cells (oocysts) that are shed in faeces of infected animals

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34
Q

how are oocysts transmitted in cryptosporidium parvum

A

through faecally contaminated water (swimming pools)

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35
Q

what are oocysts highly resistant to (cryptosporidium parvum)

A

chlorine and UV radiation

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36
Q

what are the most effective methods for removal of oocysts (cryptosporidium parvum)

A

sedimentation and filtration methods

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37
Q

where does the parasite develop in cryptosporidium parvum

A

just under host epithelial cell membrane in an intracellular but extracytoplasmic position

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38
Q

at what stages are the oocysts formed when expelled from the host (cryptosporidium parvum)

A

fully formed

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39
Q

what is said about the infection from oocysts (cryptosporidium parvum)

A

no need for sporulation and therefore cysts and immediately infective (auto-infection)

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40
Q

how is cryptosporidium parvum diagnosed

A

in stool sample with direct fluorescence antibody assay (DFA)

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41
Q

how is cryptosporidium parvum treated

A

infection of self limitied
nitazoxanide can be used (interferes with anaerobic energy metabolism)

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42
Q

what is toxoplasma gondii

A

apicomplexan protist that lives in warm blooded animals

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43
Q

what is the lifecycle of toxoplasma gondii similar to

A

cryptosporidium parvum with same intermediate stages

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44
Q

what does toxoplasma gondii produce

A

oocysts that are shed in the faeces of infected animals

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45
Q

how are the oocysts transmitted (toxoplasma gondii)

A

cats
undercooked meats

46
Q

symptoms of toxoplasmosis

A

mainly asymptomatic

47
Q

what can toxoplasmosis damage

A

eyes, brain, and other organs in immune compromised individuals

48
Q

what can toxoplasmosis cause

A

birth defects

49
Q

treatment of toxoplasmosis

A

sulphasdiazine and pyrimethamine

50
Q

what is naegleria fowleri

A

a free living amoeba found in soil and water

51
Q

how is naegleria fowleri usually transmitted

A

swimming in warm, soil, contaminated water sources (hot springs or lakes)

52
Q

how does naegleria fowleri enter the body

A

through nose and directly burrows into brain

53
Q

what occurs after naegleria fowleri enters the brain

A

extensive hemorrhage and brain damage (meningoencephalitis)

54
Q

is naegleria fowleri fatal

A

yes, in most cases

55
Q

how is naegleria fowleria diagnosed

A

cerebrospinal fluid

56
Q

when is drug treatment effective with naegleria fowleri

A

if identified early

57
Q

treatment of naegleria fowleri

A

azoles
amphotericin B
rifampicin
miltefosine

58
Q

where is acanthamoeba found

A

fresh and salt water throughout the world

59
Q

how can acanthameoba infection arise

A

contaminated contact lenses/cl case
broken skin>blood
infect mucosa

60
Q

how many diseases can acanthameoba cause

A

3

61
Q

what are the 3 diseases that can arise through acanthameoba

A

eye disease: acanthamoeba keratitis (AK)
cutaneous amoebiasis: skin disease
brain disease: granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)

62
Q

how can acanthamoeba be diagnosed

A

microscopic examination of tissue samples

63
Q

treatment of acanthamoeba

A

azoles
amphotericin B
rifampicin
miltefosine
(same as naegleria)

64
Q

what is acanthamoeba kertitis (AK)

A

progressive sight-threatening corneal disease

65
Q

what is the leading risk factor for AK

A

contact lens wear

66
Q

what is the most common type of acanthamoeba infection

A

acanthamoeba keratitis (AK)

67
Q

what is often required with cases of AK

A

corneal transplants

68
Q

what is malaria caused by

A

apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium

69
Q

what is used as vectors in the spread of malaria

A

anopheles mosquitoes

70
Q

where is malaria generally found

A

tropical and subtropical regions

71
Q

how many people are infected worldwide and how many die per year

A

~350 million
>1 million

72
Q

what is required for a malaria diagnosis

A

identifying plasmodium infected erythrocytes in blood smears by microscopy

73
Q

what drugs are used to prevent and treat infections

A

chloroquine and mefloquine (lariam)
pyrimethamine
doxycycline
clindamycin

74
Q

what can malaria be controlled by

A

draining swamps
eliminating mosquitoes

75
Q

P. malariea paroxysms onset

A

malaria quartana
72 h

76
Q

P. vivax paroxysms onset

A

malaria tertiana
48 h

77
Q

P. ovale paroxysms onset

A

malaria tertiana
48 h

78
Q

P. falciparum paroxysms onset

A

malaria tropica
irregular ~48 h

79
Q

what is leishmania

A

flagellated protozoan

80
Q

how is leishmania transmitted

A

bite of sand fly

81
Q

3 forms o fleishmaniasis

A

cutaneous
mucocutaneous
visceral

82
Q

diagnosis of leishmania

A

microscopy of tissue specimen
PCR
serology

83
Q

where does leishmania grow once in infected host

A

infects and grows in macrophages

84
Q

what does leishmania mexicana cause

A

cutaneous

85
Q

what does leishmania mexicana form

A

nodules and ulcers on skin

86
Q

treatment of leishmania mexicana

A

pentavalent antimonial compounds
amphotericin B
miltefosine

87
Q

what does leishmania braziliensis cause

A

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

88
Q

what does leishmaniasis braziliensis target

A

destroys mucosa and cartilage of mouth, nose, and throat

89
Q

can mucocutaneous disease be fetal

A

if left untreated then yes

90
Q

treatment of leishmania braziliensis

A

pentavalent antimonial compounds
amphotericin B
miltefosine

91
Q

what does lishmania donovani cause

A

visceral lishmaniasis (VL)

92
Q

where does the lishmania donovani parasite travel to

A

internal organs causing damage to liver, spleen, and bone marrow

93
Q

can visceral disease be fetal

A

if left untreated, yes

94
Q

is recovery possible for leishmania donovani (VL)

A

yes but occasional relapse possible
PKDL

95
Q

treatment of leishmania donovani (VL)

A

pentavalent antimonial compounds
amphotericin B
miltefosine

96
Q

how many subspecies are they of trypanosoma brucei

A

2
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense

97
Q

what does trypanosoma brucei cause

A

african sleeping sickness

98
Q

how is trypanosoma brucei transmitted

A

bite of tsetse fly

99
Q

where does trypanosoma brucei multiply

A

in the blood

100
Q

what symptom occurs in stage I of trypanosoma brucei infection

A

intermittent fever

101
Q

what system does stage II of african sleeping sickness affect

A

neuronal system

102
Q

what does stage II of african sleeping sickness lead to

A

inflammation of brain tissue and necrosis

103
Q

how is african sleeping sickness diagnosed

A

spinal puncture
microscopy of cerebro-spinal fluid

104
Q

symptoms that occur during the meninoencephalitic stage of sleeping sickness

A

invasion of CNS
headaches
somnolence
abnormal behaviour
lethargy
loss of consciousness
coma

105
Q

how is sleeping sickness treated

A

suramin
melarsoprol
pentamidine
eflornithine

106
Q

what does trypanosoma cruzi cause

A

chagas disease

107
Q

how is trypanosoma cruzi transmitted

A

bite and defaecation of kissing bug
triatomine bug

108
Q

what does trypanosoma cruzi affect

A

heart, GI tract, CNS

109
Q

in what countries does Chagas disease often occur

A

latin american countries

110
Q

how is chagas disease diagnosed

A

microscopy or serology

BM211 microbiology (14 decks)

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