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cabs pulmonology > 1000ft review > Flashcards

1000ft review Flashcards

1
Q

What bone is the cribriform plate attached to

A

ethmoid

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2
Q

What structures cause turbulent blood flow in the nose

A

Conchae

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3
Q

What does the mucosa help with in the nose

A

warmth and humidification of air before it gets to the lungs

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4
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Aids in humidification of air

also assists with trapping foreign particles

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5
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx

A

naso
oro
laryngo

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6
Q

Which part of the pharynx is the only area for just air

A

nasopharynx

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7
Q

What makes mucus in the nasopharynx

A

Goblet cells

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8
Q

What is the passage of both air and food/drink

A

oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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9
Q

What is the job of the uvula and soft palate

A

protect upper passages from back flow of fluid

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10
Q

What cells line the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What structures does the laryngopharynx divide into

A

inferiorly to esophagus and trachea

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12
Q

What protects food from going into the trachea

A

epiglottis

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13
Q

What are the three main laryngeal cartilage

A

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

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14
Q

What does the end-larynx contain

A

true and false vocal cords

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15
Q

What structures are included within the hilum

A

primary bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary nerve plexus
lymphatics

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16
Q

What lines the respiratory tracts

A

cilia
Goblet cells
Basal cells

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17
Q

What do goblet cells do

A

produce mucin to lubricate airway, trap particles, and humidify inhaled air

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18
Q

What do the basal cells do in the lungs

A

cuboidal cells at the base of the epithelial lining to help differentiate the cell lineages

also act as attachment basement layer

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19
Q

How many layers are there in a bronchiole

A

3

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20
Q

What are the layers of the bronchioles

A

epithelial lining
smooth muscle layer
connective tissue layer

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21
Q

What cells do the epithelial lining contain

A

goblet cells and cilia

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22
Q

Where do the bronchioles branch off of

A

tertiary bronchi

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23
Q

Where is the only place that gas exchange happens

A

alveoli
**Respiratory unit

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24
Q

What type of muscle lines the bronchioles for air conduction

A

smooth
*allows for bronchoconstriction

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25
Q

What controls airway resistance

A

smooth muscle

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26
Q

What structure surrounds the alveoli

A

capillary endothelium

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27
Q

What is the function of the external intercostals

A

pulls the ribs upwards and pull sternum forward to help for expansion in inspiration

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28
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostals

A

Pulls ribs downward
helps with expiration

29
Q

Where does the diaphragm originate

A

xiphoid around rib 7-12 inner surface and posteriorly at L1-L3

30
Q

What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration

A

flattens to expand the thoracic cavity

31
Q

What can limit movement of the diaphragm

A

tight clothing
pregnancy
obesity
edema

32
Q

What are the pleural layers

A

parietal pleural
intrapleural space
visceral pleura
lung parenchyma

33
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure

A

-4 to -10mmHg

34
Q

What is the alveoli and barometric pressure

A

0mmHg

35
Q

As volume of air in the alveoli increases, what happens to the pressure

A

the pressure decreases

*that net negative pressure will cause air to be pulled into the alveoli to equal things out

36
Q

What muscles are involved with forced expiration

A

intercostals and abdominal

37
Q

How many alveoli do you have at birth

A

25 million

38
Q

How many alveoli do adults have

A

300 million

39
Q

What allows for passage of air between alveoli

A

Pores of Kohn

40
Q

What are the different types of alveoli

A

Type 1: squamous cells
Type 2
Alveolar macrophage

41
Q

What do type 1 alveoli do

A

most common alveoli
provides structure

42
Q

What do type 2 alveoli do

A

secrete surfactant

43
Q

What is surfactant

A

lipoprotein that coats the inner lining of the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing on themselves

44
Q

When does surfactant get made

A

around 20wks

45
Q

What is surfactants job

A

to reduce surface tension within the alveoli

46
Q

What is pulmonary compliance

A

how much the pulmonary cavity can accommodate to changing thoracic volume during respiration

47
Q

What properties make up pulmonary compliance

A

elasticity of the lungs
elasticity of the chest wall
surface tension (surfactant)

48
Q

How do you measure compliance

A

compliance = Lung volume /
pressure

49
Q

What does it mean if there is decreased compliance

A

decreased ability for the required pressure gradients to form

50
Q

What disease processes cause decrease lung compliance

A

Pulmonary fibrosis
pulmonary edema
obstructive lung disease
decreased surfactant
obesity
aging

51
Q

What determines vasoconstriction and vasodilation in lungs

A

humoral and autonomic system

52
Q

What will trigger vasoconstriction in the lung

A

Hypoxia

53
Q

Why is vasoconstriction during hypoxia important

A

allows for shunting of blood to the more aerated areas within the lung

54
Q

What happens if the entire lung becomes vasoconstrictor

A

pulmonary HTN

55
Q

How do you determine ventilation

A

ventilatory rate x volume per breath

56
Q

What is the difference between perfusion and ventilation

A

Ventilation = physical act of breathing

Perfusion= oxygen throughout the body

57
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

alveolocapillary membrane
*capillary beds abutting alveolus

58
Q

What occurs during gas exchange

A

O2 is released down the concentration gradient and into the demanding tissue

The O2 can then be used for cellular metabolism = ATP production

59
Q

Through cellular metabolism… what do cells create

A

carbonic acid

60
Q

What is the gas form of carbonic acid

A

carbon dioxide

61
Q

What is the Haldane effect

A

The left shifted. Holds onto oxygen longer

62
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

The right shift. Gets rid of oxygen quickly

63
Q

What is dead space

A

Volume of air that does not participate in the gas exchange

64
Q

What is anatomic dead space

A

conducting airways

65
Q

What is alveolar dead space

A

non-perfused alveoli

66
Q

What is Q

A

perfusion

67
Q

How do you calculate perfusion

A

cardiac output = HR x SV

68
Q

How do you calculate ventilation

A

Tidal volume - dead space x RR

*Amount of air participating in gas exchange and the rate at which is does so

69
Q

What is a V / Q mismatch

A

When either ventilation or perfusion is disrupted so there is not good gas exchange

cabs pulmonology (8 decks)

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