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Yr 2 - IBMS > Gut Mucosa > Flashcards

Gut Mucosa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 Layers of the Gut?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscular mucosa
submucosa
muscular propria
adventitia

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2
Q

What 3 Types of Mucosa are there?

A

Protective Mucosa
Secretory Mucosa
Absorptive Mucosa

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3
Q

Describe Protective Mucosa

A

Protective
- characterised by stratified squamous epithelium
- found in oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal
= non keratinised

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4
Q

Describe Secretory Mucosa

A

secretory
- contain cells responsible for secretion of digestion enzymes and acid
- found in stomach

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5
Q

Describe Absorptive Mucosa

A

Absorptive
- absorb digested nutrients
- found in small intenstine

  • water absorption and electrolyte balance
  • found in large intestine
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6
Q

Describe the Oesophagus

A
  • epithelial = unkeratinised stratified squamous
    = protective mucosa
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7
Q

What is the Function of the Stomach?

A

digestion and churning food

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8
Q

What is the Cardiac Sphincter, where is it found?

A

prevents food coming back up, located between oesophagus and stomach

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9
Q

Structure of the Stomach

A

beginning: fundus

body

end: pylorus - meets the duodenum and meets the pyloric sphincter

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10
Q

What Mucosa is the Stomach? What are 2 other Features?

A

secretory epithelium - columnar epithelium

the mucosa folds around the lumen = reggae

contains gastric pits - 3/4 glands open into one pit

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11
Q

What do Glands Secrete in the Stomach?

A

secrete gel like glycoprotein mucous

function = form protective barrier against stomach acids and proteolytic enzymes

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12
Q

What 4 Cells Line Each Gland in the Stomach, and their Function?

A

Parietal Cells:
- secrete HCL (gastric acid) and intrinsic acid
function: binds Vitamin B12
- transport binding to liver

Enterochromaffin-like Cell:
- secrete histamine
function: stimulate acid secretion

Chief Cells:
- secrete pepsinogen - precursor for pepsin (breakdown protein)
- secrete gastic lipase

Endocrine Cells of GIT: enteroendocrines
- regulatory functions and secrete hormones
D cells: secrete somatostatin - inhibits acid formation
G cells: secrete gastin - stimulate acid secretion

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13
Q

What Mucosa is the Small Intestine?

A

Absorptive Epithelium

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14
Q

What is the Main Feature of the Small Intestine?

A

villi
- increase surface area

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15
Q

Structure of the Small InDesJIne

A

Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum

  • lumen gets wider and microvilli shorter
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16
Q

Where is the Duodenum and Describe one of the Glands.

A

in the small intestine
Brunner’s glands in the submucosa

17
Q

What Features does the Ileum have?

A

in the small intestine
collections of lymphocytes = Payer’s Patches

18
Q

Which 5 Cells are found in the Small Intestine?

A

Enterocytes - harbours brush border enzymes

Goblet Cells - secrete mucous

Paneth Cells - antimicrobial role, secrete defensives and lysozymes

Immune Cells

Enteroendrocrine cells - K cells
- secrete incretins - augment function of insulin and lower blood sugar levels
- secrete gastric inhibitory peptide

19
Q

What Endocrine Cells are Found in the GIT?

A
  • Stomach has two types of endocrine cells which secrete hormones.
  • G cells – secrete gastric which stimulate HCL or other acid secretions
  • D cells – stimulate somatastin which inhibits gastric juices and inhibits acid secretions
  • Small intestine
  • K cells – secrete incretins which augment function of insulin, help lower blood sugar levels. Also secrete gastric inhibitory peptide which inhibits secretion of gastric acids.
  • Large intestine
  • L cells – secrete peptides such as glucagon like peptides 1 and 2. Help increase satiating and aid in weight loss. Act like glucagon and lower sugar levels. Weight loss meds contain something similar to GLP-1 secreted by L cells to improve body weight. Suppress apatite.
20
Q

What is the Structure of the Large Intestine/Colon?

A

Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon

21
Q

3 Functions of the Large Intestine

A

reabsorb water
dehydrate food waste
compact to form faeces

22
Q

What are the Features of the Large Intestine

A
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn
    = no villi but epithelium invaginate into lamina propria

Large no. of Goblet Cells
- protect surface from material

23
Q

Describe the Livers Features?

A

formed of hepatic lobules
- hepatocytes and a central vein

at each corner = portal triad
= portal vein, hepatic artery and a bile duct

24
Q

Describe the Two Types of Glands Found in the Pancreas.

A

Type 1:
exocrine serous acini
- secrete digestive enzymes through bile duct to small intestine

Type 2:
endocrine: alpha and beta cells
- alpha = secrete glucagon

25
Q

What Condition can you have in the Oesophagus?

A

Barrett’s Oesophagus (GORD/GERD)
- due to laxation of gastro-oesophageal sphincter
- causes: hyper-acidity from obesity or bulimia
- what happens?
- stratified squamous cells change into columnar secretive format

26
Q

Why may you Get Ulcers in the GIT?

A

gastric acids and peptide enzymes damage epithelium coverage

27
Q

What Protection is there against Ulcers in the GIT?

A

innate protective mechanisms

mechanical:
mucosal blankets, blood vessels

chemical:
- secrete mucous and bicarbonate of a higher pH
- prostaglandins - inflam cytokines = inhibit secretion of acid

regenerative factors:
- stem cells replace damaged cells

28
Q

What Effect does H.Pylori have on the Stomach, how do you reduce it?

A

more prone to ulceration
- use non-steroidal anti-inflam drugs
= aspirin, ibuprofen
- counteract the effect of prostaglandins
= enhance hyperacidity
- stimulates regurgitation of food and gastric acids into the stomach

29
Q

Explain the Steps of How Peptic Ulcers cause Severe Bleeding.

A
  1. Injury or damage to epithelial cells
  2. expose connective tissue in lamina propria or further down
  3. fibrous tissue and granulation tissue forms
  4. scarring

IF IT KEEPS HAPPENING

  1. further and further into tissue
  2. reaches capillary
  3. microleakge of blood = anaemia
  4. bigger blood vessel = haematemesis or vomiting of blood and severe bleeding = death
30
Q

How can Peptic Ulcers lead to Pernicious Anaemia?

A

if there is a loss of parietal cells
= no secretion of intrinsic factors
= no absorption of B12

31
Q

How can Peptic Ulcers lead to Cancer?

A

if it is long standing
prone to cancerous transformation

32
Q

Describe Malabsorption Syndrome

A

prevents absorption of nutrients from diet in the small intestine and results in diarrhoea, malnutrition, weight loss and anaemia

33
Q

What are possible causes of Malabsorption Syndrome?

A

trauma
response to eating gluten
autoimmune
genetics
AIDS
change in microbiota - chemo, irresponsible antibiotics
Crohn’s
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia (Waldman’s Disease)
- rare disease after carcinoma, over dilation of lymph vessels

34
Q

What is GSE?

A

Gluten sensitive enteropathy

35
Q

What Happens in GSE?

A
  • damage to mucosa in small intestine
  • loss of villi
  • malabsorption
  • inflammatory cells within lamina propria and submucsoa
  • inflam cells lead to tissue damage
  • lose microvilli completely
  • malabsorption of B12

Yr 2 - IBMS (21 decks)

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