Exam #1 5/1/23 Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

genotype

A

genetic code

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2
Q

phenotype

A

an expression of genetic code in the individual

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

46 total, 23 pairs
- one from each parent

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4
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA on a chromosomes directly crossing over

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5
Q

chromosomal anomaly

A

change to a fetus’ genetic material or DNA that alters the baby’s development before birth
ex. down syndrome

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6
Q

alleles

A

homozygous - same allele from both parents
heterozygous - a different version of the gene from each parent

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7
Q

polygenic

A

inheritance of complex character traits
ex. height, skin, hair and eye color, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer sickle cell anemia and arthritis

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8
Q

dominant-recessive relationships

A

X-linked inheritance - found on the 23 chromosome pair that determines biological gender - androgens produced by the fetus

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9
Q

dominant-recessive relationships: color blindness

A

red-green color blindness is more likely in males because it is X-linked so they only need the recessive gene from their mother on the X chromosome

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10
Q

dominant-recessive relationships: hemophilia

A

blood clotting is also X-linked

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11
Q

disease carriers

A

usually recessive - females tend to be carriers for these traits that males are more likely to have

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12
Q

gene-environment interactions

A

different phenotypes based on the environment
ex. PKU - have to avoid phenylalanine because intake would cause irreversible brain damage; 5HHTP serotonin transporter genes - people who have the longer variance of the allele are less susceptible to anxiety/depression unless they have a troubled

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13
Q

gene-environment correlations

A

active - seek particular activities
passive - parent structures environment based on their interests

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14
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

zygote - first two weeks after conception
embryo - implantation through the 8th week, especially vulnerable where major structural abnormalities occur
fetus - 9th-38th weeks, physiological defects and minor structural abnormalities

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15
Q

teratogens

A

an environmental agent that causes damage uring the prenatal phase
ex. Legal drugs - prescription and non-prescription
Illegal drugs
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Environmental pollution
Maternal disease - 5th disease

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16
Q

factor affecting susceptibility

A

gestational age - sensitive periods
dose-response relation
heredity
other negative influences

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17
Q

maternal factors

A

Exercise
Nutrition
Disease
Emotional stress
Maternal age - after 30 having children is harder, post 35 its considered geriatric pregnancy

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18
Q

fetal experience

A

Touch, taste - amniotic fluid, smell, hearing, sight, learning - habituation studies, familiarity responses
Habituation - decrease in response to repeated stimulation
Cell’s functions - initially flexible and then inflexible

19
Q

brain shape

A

cell body
dendrite surrounds the nucleus
axon sends out the information
myelin sheath insulates the axon

20
Q

axon differentiation

A

neural and architectural, the length of the axon drastically changes depending on the function of the neuron

21
Q

synapses

A

synaptogenesis - gap between the axon that releases neurotransmitters
pruning - at birth the human brain is immature which results in too many synapses and the brain gradually prunes away the synapses that aren’t useful
synapses are created during the first few years of life

22
Q

myelinization

A

crucial for optimal brain function
multiple sclerosis is demyelination that eventually leads to death

23
Q

brain specialization

A

hemispheric specialization and lateralization
lobe specialization - because entrenched in the first few years of development

24
Q

plasticity

A

decreases over time, a 3 year old could relearn to speak but a 45 year old could not

25
Q

“experience expectant” plasticity

A

species typical experiences

26
Q

“experience-dependent” plasticity

A

effects of idiosyncratic experiences
based entirely on an experience that you’ve had (violin example)
ex. the fact that rats raised in cages with toys have more dendritic spines and more synapses per neuron that rats raised in cages without this stimulation

27
Q

timing of experience/sensitive periods

A

someone who plays the violin would have greater dexterity in the left hand meaning that the right side of the brain would be more active

28
Q

appropriate levels of stimulation

A

receiving the right amount of stimulation at the right amount of time
ex. premature babies need to be kept in quiet dark environments because the brain is not ready for the stimulation outside the womb

29
Q

prenatal stress effects

A

prenatal stress increases plasticity
when there is low prenatal stress it doesn’t matter where there is high or low contact care
but high prenatal stress with high contact care has heightened plasticity and high stress with low contact led to stress response problems

30
Q

nativism

A

development is predetermined by genetic factors
problem: cant separate out effects of experience, no such thing as development that happens in the absence of an environment

31
Q

behaviorism

A

behavior = amalgamation of condition responses
avoidance of internal constructs

32
Q

behaviorism: reductionism

A

complex behavior made up of more simple behavior
study simple pieces to understand the complexity of how they fit together

33
Q

behaviorism: parsimony

A

the simplest explanation is best because it accounts for the most behavior
static learning mechanism
keep adding new reinforcements

34
Q

behaviorism: problems

A

reductionism is not an adequate explanation for all phenomena - learning is heavily affected by many factors
stimulus-response patterns can not account for some cognitive achievements

35
Q

Piaget’s theory: stage theory

A

discrete - either this stage or that stage
hierarchical - have to master challenges at one stage before moving on to the next

36
Q

Piaget’s theory: discontinuous

A

one stage and then the next, no transition period

37
Q

Piaget’s theory: invariant, universal, method

A

Invariant - no matter who you are and where you are you would undergo the same order of steps
Universal - the same processes everywhere and across time
Method - induce underlying cognitive structures from behavior

38
Q

constructivist approach

A

children discover knowledge through their own activity
engage in meaning-making behaviors

39
Q

Piaget’s theory: schemes

A

an organized way of making sense of experience that changes with age

40
Q

schemes: mental representation

A

internal depiction of information, images and concepts

41
Q

schemes: adaptation

A

respond to demands of the environment
aim to meet own goals
building and adjusting schemes

42
Q

schemes: assimilation and accommodation

A

using current schemes to interpret the external world
adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit the environment

43
Q

schemes: equilibration and organization

A

back and forth adjustment
internal rearranging

44
Q

Piaget’s stages

A

Sensorimotor - birth to 2
Preoperational - 2 to 7
Concrete operations - 7 to 11
Formal operations - 11 and up