Exam #1 5/1/23 Module 2 Flashcards
genotype
genetic code
phenotype
an expression of genetic code in the individual
chromosomes
46 total, 23 pairs
- one from each parent
genes
segments of DNA on a chromosomes directly crossing over
chromosomal anomaly
change to a fetus’ genetic material or DNA that alters the baby’s development before birth
ex. down syndrome
alleles
homozygous - same allele from both parents
heterozygous - a different version of the gene from each parent
polygenic
inheritance of complex character traits
ex. height, skin, hair and eye color, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer sickle cell anemia and arthritis
dominant-recessive relationships
X-linked inheritance - found on the 23 chromosome pair that determines biological gender - androgens produced by the fetus
dominant-recessive relationships: color blindness
red-green color blindness is more likely in males because it is X-linked so they only need the recessive gene from their mother on the X chromosome
dominant-recessive relationships: hemophilia
blood clotting is also X-linked
disease carriers
usually recessive - females tend to be carriers for these traits that males are more likely to have
gene-environment interactions
different phenotypes based on the environment
ex. PKU - have to avoid phenylalanine because intake would cause irreversible brain damage; 5HHTP serotonin transporter genes - people who have the longer variance of the allele are less susceptible to anxiety/depression unless they have a troubled
gene-environment correlations
active - seek particular activities
passive - parent structures environment based on their interests
stages of prenatal development
zygote - first two weeks after conception
embryo - implantation through the 8th week, especially vulnerable where major structural abnormalities occur
fetus - 9th-38th weeks, physiological defects and minor structural abnormalities
teratogens
an environmental agent that causes damage uring the prenatal phase
ex. Legal drugs - prescription and non-prescription
Illegal drugs
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Environmental pollution
Maternal disease - 5th disease
factor affecting susceptibility
gestational age - sensitive periods
dose-response relation
heredity
other negative influences
maternal factors
Exercise
Nutrition
Disease
Emotional stress
Maternal age - after 30 having children is harder, post 35 its considered geriatric pregnancy