Exam #1 5/1/23 Module 4

Question 1

vision and reaching results

Answer 1

infants have expectations about how objects behave and interact
predictable order to what they learn and when

Question 2

imitation studies

Answer 2

tongue protrusion studies in newborns
deferred imitation
imitating the intention not the action

Question 3

developmental trajectory 1

Answer 3

elaboration and refinement of the basic concept
- experience-based knowledge
- community through development

Question 4

developmental trajectory 2

Answer 4

developmental narrowing
- start with lots of abilities and pare down to the most relevant
ex. phonological development: infants are able to understand sounds of many different languages but as they get older they narrow down to the sounds relevant to their language

Question 5

perceptual narrowing

Answer 5

perception is refined by experience
Werker’s finding of phoneme perception
other-race effect in face perception - study with white, black, middle eastern and Chinese faces
- 3 months = recognition in all categories
- 6 months = recognition in white and chinese only
- 9 = recognition in own race only

Question 6

mechanisms of cognitive development

Answer 6

core-knowledge
specialized learning mecahnisms
general learning mechanisms
no real knowledge - just perceptual/motor skills

Question 7

research on newborns

Answer 7

sucking response
rooting response
imitation
looking time

Question 8

methods to study perception and cognition

Answer 8

touch test - 10 hours old = rooting response
taste and smell tests - 2 weeks old orient towards smell of Mom’s milk
auditory tests - preferential sucking to make sounds last
visual tests

Question 9

preferential looking

Answer 9

show two objects that are very similar but one has a distinct difference and see which one the infant is drawn to
ex. face vs jumbled features
prefer looking at complex things (high contrast), things that move, new things and closer objects
human voices and voices in female range

Question 10

habituation

Answer 10

reaction declines after the stimulus is repeated
assumptions: infants prefer novelty, they get bored with the same thing, perceive a change in an object or event = renewed interest

Question 11

Fantz (1958)

Answer 11

infants will look at the same length of time to objects that are similar
infants will look longer at one object if it taps into a preference and if they can perceive a difference

Question 12

perception: touch

Answer 12

fundamental to earliest interaction, well-development at birth, pain, and pleasurable touch increases environmental responsiveness

Question 13

perception: taste and smell

Answer 13

sensitive to taste from birth - clear likes and dislikes
innate odor preferences - similar to adults, turn head, survival value

Question 14

perception: hearing

Answer 14

fairly well-developed at birth, sensitive to speech - any language, motherese/infant-directed speech

Question 15

perception: visual development

Answer 15

newborns - legally blind
0-6 months - high contrast, low spatial frequency, motion
6mos - 14 years - fine gradations like face perception

Question 16

perception: vision

Answer 16

limited visual acuity in newborns, actively explore environment, depth perception: influenced by physical abilities and visual cliff

Question 17

perception: vision

Answer 17

prefer patterned to plain stimuli
preference for human faces
size and shape constancy - from first week of life
boundary issues - motion and spatial arrangement
gradually learn to extract meaningful patterns from little information

Question 18

intermodal percpetion

Answer 18

how and when infants perceive information - different modalities as belonging to a single unified object representation

Question 19

Adolph’s examples

Answer 19

knowledge of sitting, crawling and walking doesn’t generalize

Question 20

cognition

Answer 20

nonverbal responses
research methods - habituation, response recovery, action on objects

Question 21

habituation research

Answer 21

infants sees event until habituation - present new scenario
dishabituation - recognize something changed
infants look longer at impossible events

Question 22

occlusion and containment

Answer 22

2.5 months have different expectations for occlusion and containment
4.5 months can differentiate

Question 23

visual studies

Answer 23

contact no contact, on vs against, amount on, shape of the object

Question 24

statistical learning

Answer 24

unconscious cognitive process in which repeated patterns are extracted from the sensory environment

Question 25

tonic neck

Answer 25

when a baby’s head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow lasts until 5-7 months

Question 26

Moro reflex

Answer 26

when the baby is startled or feels like they are falling they fling out sideways with the palms up and thumbs flexed

Question 27

instrumental learning

Answer 27

behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences - nonreflexive behaviors that are instrumental in producing changes to the environment

Question 28

perceptual constancy

Answer 28

ability to identify objects under various conditions