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Microbiology > Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology > Flashcards

Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

Etiology

A

the study of the cause of a disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of a disease

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4
Q

infection

A

colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

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6
Q

transient microbiota

A

may be present for days, weeks, or months

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7
Q

normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host

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8
Q

symbiosis means

A

living together. It is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host.

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9
Q

in symbiosis, what is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.

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10
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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11
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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12
Q

Some normal microbiota are

A

opportunistic pathogens

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13
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

is a competition between microbes

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14
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by

A

Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
Producing acids
Producing bacteriocins

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15
Q

Probiotics:

A

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

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16
Q

Koch’s postulates (1st step out of 4?)

A
  1. The same pathogen must be PRESENT in every case of the disease.
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17
Q

Koch’s postulates (2nd step out of 4?)

A
  1. The pathogen must be ISOLATED from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
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18
Q

Koch’s postulates (3rd step out of 4?)

A
  1. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
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19
Q

Koch’s postulates (4th step out of 4?)

A
  1. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
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20
Q

Koch’s postulates are used to prove the cause of

A

An infectious disease

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21
Q

In Koch’s postulates

A

Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions and can cause disease only in humans

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22
Q

Symptom:

A

a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Ex: nausea, dizziness, backache

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23
Q

Sign

A

A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Ex: fever, rash

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24
Q

Syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Ex: aids

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25
Q

Communicable disease:

A

A disease that is spread from one host to another

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26
Q

Contagious disease:

A

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

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27
Q

Noncommunicable disease:

A

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

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28
Q

Incidence:

A

fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

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29
Q

Prevalence:

A

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

30
Q

Sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

31
Q

Endemic disease

A

disease constantly present in a population

32
Q

Epidemic disease

A

disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

33
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Worldwide epidemic

34
Q

Acute disease

A

Symptoms develop rapidly

35
Q

Chronic disease

A

disease develops slowly

36
Q

Subacute disease:

A

Symptoms between acute and chronic

37
Q

Latent disease

A

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

38
Q

Herd immunity

A

Immunity in most of a population

39
Q

Four links in the chain of infection

A
  1. Host
  2. Etiologic agent (microbe causing the disease)
    -virulence] = pathogenicity
    -location ] = pathogenicity
  3. Reservoir: area of where a pathogen can hang out until it can infect
  4. Mode of transmission
40
Q

Local infection:

A

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

41
Q

Systemic infection:

A

an infection throughout the body

42
Q

Focal infection:

A

systemic infection that began as a local infection

43
Q

Sepsis:

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

44
Q

Bacteremia:

A

bacteria in the blood

45
Q

Septicemia:

A

growth of bacteria in the blood

46
Q

Toxemia:

A

toxins in the blood

47
Q

Viremia:

A

viruses in the blood

48
Q

Primary infection:

A

(Infection you started with) acute infection that causes the initial illness

49
Q

Secondary infection:

A

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

50
Q

Subclinical disease:

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection): a human carrier

51
Q

Predisposing factors:

A

Anything that makes patient more susceptible to disease

52
Q

Predisposing factors make the body more susceptible to

A

Disease
Ex: Short urethra in females, Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene, Climate and weather, Fatigue, Age, Lifestyle, Chemotherapy

53
Q

Period of convalescence

A

Immune is trying to recover and build again

54
Q

Reservoirs of infection (outside the host ex: carriers, humans)

A

Continual sources of infection
Human: AIDS, gonorrhea
Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
Animal: rabies, Lyme disease
Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans
Nonliving: botulism, tetanus
-Soil

55
Q

Transmission of disease:

A

Contact
Indirect: spread by fomites (inanimate object that can spread disease (ex: pens and pencils that everyone touches
Droplet: transmission via airborne droplets
Direct: requires close association between an infected and susceptible host

56
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)

57
Q

Vectors:living vehicles

A

Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
Transmit disease by two general methods:
1. Mechanical transmission: arthropod carries pathogen on feet ex:flies and roaches
2. Biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in vector (take in pathogens through its body and has to transmit it) ex:ticks, mites, mosquitoes

58
Q

Nosocomial infections (HAI)=hospital acquired infections

A

Are acquired as a result of a hospital stay
Affect 5–15% of all hospital patients

59
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future.

60
Q

Contributing factors to emerging infectious diseases:

A
61
Q

Antigenic shift

A

2 or more virus enters host during assembly, they get a mixture of spikes

62
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of where and when diseases occur

63
Q

Morbidity:

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

64
Q

Mortality:

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

65
Q

Morbidity rate:

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

66
Q

Mortality rate :

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

67
Q

John snow 1848-1849

A

Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London

68
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis 1846-1848

A

Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever

69
Q

Florence nightingale 1858

A

Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus (cleaned out wounds/changed bandages)

70
Q

Case reporting:

A

health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices

71
Q

Nationally notifiable diseases:

A

physicians are required to report occurrence

Microbiology (22 decks)

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