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Microbiology > Applied Immunology > Flashcards

Applied Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Naturally Acquired immunity:
ACTIVE?

A

Antigens enter the body naturally; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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2
Q

Naturally Acquired immunity:
PASSIVE?

A

Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in the mother’s milk.

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3
Q

Artificially Acquired immunity:
ACTIVE?

A

Active: Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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4
Q

Artificially Acquired immunity:
PASSIVE?

A

Preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced into body by injection

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5
Q

Two artificial methods of immunity?

A

Active and passive immunization

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6
Q

Active immunization:

A

• Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response

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7
Q

Passive immunization:

A

• Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

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8
Q

History of immunization:

A

– Chinese noticed children who recovered from smallpox did not contract the disease again
– They infected children with material from a smallpox scab to induce immunity
• This process known as variolation
– Variolation spread to England and America but was stopped because of risk of death

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9
Q

– 1796 – Edward Jenner discovered

A

cowpox was similar to smallpox

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10
Q

– 1879 – Louis Pasteur developed

A

a vaccine against Pasteurella multocida

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11
Q

Antibody transfer was developed when it

A

was discovered that vaccines protected through the action of antibodies

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12
Q

Pastuer’s research:

A

• Avian cholera (caused by bacteria not virus) was a common zoonotic disease
• Discovered attenuated pathogen accidentally
• Went on to make other vaccinations

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13
Q

Active immunization:
Vaccine types

A

Attenuated (live) vaccines (weakened)
– Use pathogens with reduced virulence
– Can result in mild infections
– Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response
– Can provide contact immunity

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14
Q

Active immunization:
Vaccine types

A

• Inactivated vaccines
– Whole-agent vaccines (safer, bacteria is dead)
- Subunit vaccines

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15
Q

Microbes don’t provide many

A

antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response
– Often contain adjuvants (additives)

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16
Q

Active Immunization
– Vaccine types
• Toxoid vaccines

A

– Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate immunity
– Useful for some bacterial diseases
– Stimulate antibody-mediated immunity
– Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants (not strong enough=need boosters)

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17
Q

• Active Immunization
– Vaccine types
• Combination vaccines

A

-Administration of antigens from several pathogens • Vaccines using recombinant gene technology
– Attempts to make vaccines more effective, cheaper, safer
– Variety of techniques used to improve vaccines

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18
Q

• Active Immunization
– Vaccine safety
• Problems associated with immunization:

A

– Mild toxicity most common
– Risk of anaphylactic shock
– Residual virulence from attenuated viruses
– Allegations that certain vaccines cause autism, diabetes, and asthma
» Research has not substantiated these allegations

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19
Q

• Passive Immunotherapy

Administration of antiserum containing:

A

Preformed antibodies

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20
Q

Passive immunotherapy:

Immediate protection against

A

recent infection or ongoing disease

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21
Q

Passive immunotherapy:
Antisera have several limitations

A

• Contain antibodies against many antigens
• Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness
• Viral pathogens may contaminate antisera
• Antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly
-limitations are overcome through development of hybridomas

22
Q

What is hybidoma?

A

Myeloma cells fused with plasma cells that make the antibodies

23
Q

Immune testing: serology

A

Antibody-Antigen Immune Testing: Study and diagnostic use of antigen antibody interactions in blood serum

24
Q

Two categories of immune testing

A

– Direct testing
• Looking for presence of antigens
– Indirect testing
• Look for antibodies that have formed against antigens

25
Q

What determines which test is chosen? Direct vs indirect?

A

Test is chosen based on the suspected diagnosis, cost, and speed with which a result can be obtained

26
Q

Precipitate reactions:

A

Involve soluble antigens with antibodies

27
Q

Agglutination Reactions
Involve:

A

particulate antigens and antibodies
Antigens may be:
– On a cell (direct agglutination)
– Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination)
Negative means no antigen on RBC

28
Q

• Agglutination occurs due to the

A

cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens

29
Q

Agglutination is the

A

clumping of insoluble particles, whereas precipitation involves the aggregation of soluble molecules
These reactions are easy to see and interpret with the unaided eye

30
Q

Hemagglutination:

A

the agglutination of RBC, can be used to determine blood type

31
Q

Hemagglutination involves

A

agglutination of RBCs.

32
Q

Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for:

A

antibodies by the antibodies’ ability to inhibit the agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells by the viral hemagglutinin.

33
Q

Neutralization reactions:

A

Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin

34
Q

Labeled antibody tests:

A

– Uses antibody molecules linked to some “label” that enables them to be easily detected
– Used to detect either antigens or antibodies

35
Q

Labeled Antibody Tests
• The Complement Fixation Test

A

– Based on generation of membrane attack complexes during complement activation
– Detect presence of specific antibodies in an individual’s serum
– Can detect antibody amounts too small to detect by agglutination

36
Q

Labeled Antibody Tests
– Fluorescent antibody tests

A

• Use fluorescent dyes as labels
• Fluorescein is one dye used in these tests
• Fluorescein-labeled antibodies used in two types of tests
–Direct fluorescent antibody tests
–Indirect fluorescent antibody tests

37
Q

Labeled Antibody Test
– ELISA

A

• Stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay • Uses an enzyme as the label
– Reaction of enzyme with its substrate produces colored product
• Commonly used to detect presence of antibodies in serum

38
Q

Labeled Antibody Test – ELISA

A

• Antibody sandwich ELISA
– Modification of the ELISA technique
– Commonly used to detect _________
– It is “sandwiched” between two antibody molecules

39
Q

Labeled Antibody Test
– ELISA
• Advantages of the ELISA

A

– Can detect either antibody or antigen
– Can quantify amounts of antigen or antibody
– Easy to perform and can test many samples quickly
– Plates coated with antigen and gelatin can be stored for later testing

40
Q

Labeled Antibody Test
• Western blot test

A

– Technique to detect antibodies against multiple antigens
– Advantages over other tests
– Can detect more types of antibodies – Less subject to misinterpretation

41
Q

Recent Developments in Antibody- Antigen Immune Testing
(COVID & pregnancy tests)

A

– Simple immunoassays that give results in minutes
– Useful in determining a preliminary diagnosis
– Immunofiltration and immunochromatography are most common

42
Q

• Recent Developments in Antibody- Antigen Immune Testing
-immunofiltration:

A

• Rapid ELISA that uses antibodies bound to membrane filters rather than polystyrene plates
– Membrane filters have large surface area
» Assay quicker to complete

43
Q

Recent Developments in Immune Testing
– Immunochromatography

A

• Very rapid and easy-to-read ELISAs
• Antigen solution flows through a porous strip and encounters labeled antibody
• Visible line produced when antigen-antibody immune complexes encounter antibody against them
• Used for pregnancy testing and rapid identification of infectious agents

44
Q

Serological Tests
Precipitation:

A

Soluble antigens

45
Q

Serological Tests
Agglutination:

A

Particular antigens

46
Q

Serological Tests
Hemagglutination:

A

Agglutination of RBCs

47
Q

Serological Tests

Fluorescent-antibody technique:

A

Antibodies linked to fluorescent dye

48
Q

Serological Tests
Complement fixation:

A

RBCs are indicator

49
Q

Serological Tests
Neutralization:

A

Inactivates toxin or virus

50
Q

Serological Tests
ELISA:

A

enzyme/substrate complex is the indicator

Microbiology (22 decks)

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