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CC1 LECTURE DEAN > LIPOPROTEIN > Flashcards

LIPOPROTEIN Flashcards

1
Q

soluble in organic solvents & insoluble in H2O

A

LIPIDS

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2
Q

Diverse in terms of structure and function human plasma lipids:

A

cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free FA

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3
Q

from digestion of cholesterol esters [with fatty acid chain] and triglycerides

A

free FA

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4
Q

Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone (trihydric alcohol) with FA attached to it

A

TRIGLYCERIDE

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5
Q

Secondary energy source

A

TRIGLYCERIDE

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6
Q

Serves as a thermal insulator Protects tissues from physical trauma

A

TRIGLYCERIDE

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7
Q

Protects tissues from physical trauma

A

TRIGLYCERIDE

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8
Q

In depletion of stored glycogen, it can be mobilized to provide energy

A

Secondary energy source

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9
Q

Every gram of fat produces 9 kilo calories (measure of heat)

A

Serves as a thermal insulator

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10
Q

Greater heat is generated from the metabolism of fat

A

Serves as a thermal insulator

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11
Q

Specific vital organs are surround by adipose tissue

A

Protects tissues from physical trauma

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12
Q

Chole ester with an FA attached to a hydroxyl group (esterification) distinguishes itself from free cholesterol

A
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13
Q

Precursor of biological hormones

A

CHOLESTEROL

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14
Q

biological hormones

A

(steroid – aldosterone, progesterone, testosterone)

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15
Q

Source of bile acids

A

CHOLESTEROL

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16
Q

Component of the Cell membrane

A

CHOLESTEROL

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17
Q

Produced in the liver

A

Source of bile acids

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18
Q

Fat digestion is more effective if + blie (emulsifier of fat) – easier for lipase to digest fat

A

Source of bile acids

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19
Q

Cholic acid, phenodeoxycholic acid, kenodeoxycholic acid

A

Source of bile acids

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20
Q

Proportional with the cholesterol in blood

A

Component of the Cell membrane

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21
Q

Two fatty acids and a phosphoric acid with a NB (X) attached to a glycerol backbone

A

PHOSPHOLIPID

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22
Q

Cell membrane component

A

PHOSPHOLIPID

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23
Q

Associated with vital life processes (e.g. CNS)

A

PHOSPHOLIPID

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24
Q

PHOSPHOLIPID

Components:

A

2 Fatty acids
Glycerol
H3PO4
Nitrogenous base (choline, cholamine, etc.)

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25
Q

Depend of the phospholipid it represents

A

Nitrogenous base

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26
Q

Phospholipid Ex.

A

lecithin, cephalin

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27
Q

– has the affinity for water molecules; found on the outer layer ;water-soluble

A

Phosphate group

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28
Q

– found on the middle layer water-insoluble

A

Fatty acids

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29
Q

Part of the cell membrane that contributes to its highly selective nature

A

PHOSPHOLIPID

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30
Q

Dietary sources – lipids from small intestine w/c undergo digetsion

A

MICELLE

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31
Q

Consists of bile acids, free fatty acids & monoglycerides, cholesterol & phospholipid

A

MICELLE

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32
Q

These lipids are products of digestion that combin w/ bile acids to form a micelle

A

bile acids, free fatty acids & monoglycerides, cholesterol & phospholipid

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33
Q

Essential for intestinal absorption

A

MICELLE

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34
Q

Diffusion of substances from the small intestine to the circulation

A

MICELLE

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35
Q

Outer layer (water-soluble)

A

Protein
Phospholipid
Cholesterol

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36
Q

Middle layer (water-insoluble)

A

Triglyceride
Cholesterol esters

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37
Q

macromolecule which consists of varying proportions of 1) protein, 2) cholesterol, 3) triglyceride and 4) phospholipid

A

LIPOPROTEIN

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38
Q

water-soluble

A

LIPOPROTEIN

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39
Q

blood – aqueous (↑% of water)

A

water-soluble

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40
Q

facilitates the transport of the lipids in the circulation

A

water-soluble

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41
Q

transported by LDL to the cells (Chole ester; ¾ of total)

A

Transport of Cholesterol

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42
Q

transported by HDL out of the cells (Free chole; ¼ of total)

A

Transport of Cholesterol

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43
Q

bad cholesterol
abundant in cholesterol

A

Chole ester

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44
Q

good cholesterol
abundant in protein

A

Free chole

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45
Q

secreted unchanged into bile (free cholesterol) or metabolized to form bile acids

A

Catabolism (LIVER)

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46
Q
  • Synthesized & released from the small intestines (Exogenous pathway)
A

CHYLOMICRON

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47
Q
  • Transport of dietary fat
A

CHYLOMICRON

48
Q
  • Consists of 80% TG, Apo B-48, AI, AII, AIV, C (1-2%)
A

CHYLOMICRON

49
Q
  • From lymphatics to systemic circulation: hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to monoglycerides, glycerol & FA
A

CHYLOMICRON

50
Q

Lipase acts on TG and cause digestion of fats in the CM to release the three

A

CHYLOMICRON

51
Q
  • Synthesized & released from the liver
A

VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDL)

52
Q
  • Rich in TG
A

VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDL)

53
Q
  • Transports liver-synthesized TG & Cholesterol (Endogenous pathway)
A

VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDL)

54
Q
  • Contains Apo B-100 & Apo CII (cofactor for apo-protein lipase)
A

VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDL)

55
Q
  • Produced from VLDL hydrolysis by LPL
A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

56
Q
  • Partly depleted of TG
A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

57
Q
  • Has equal amounts of Cholesterol & TG
A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

58
Q
  • Contains Apo B & E
A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

59
Q
  • Formed from IDL by LPL
A
60
Q
  • LDL binds to membrane receptors
A
61
Q
  • Once internalized, undergo lysosomal degradation
A
62
Q

– acts on proteins

A

Proteolytic

63
Q

– acts on esters

A

Esterases

64
Q

: hydrolyzed to amino acids

A
  • Apo B
65
Q

: hydrolyzed to free cholesterol(scavenger molecule)

A
  • Chole ester
66
Q
  • Produced & catabolized in the liver & intestine
A

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL)

67
Q
  • Contains Apo AI & Apo AII
A

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL)

68
Q
  • Components arise from the catabolism of VLDL & Chylomicrons due to transfer of apoproteins
A

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL)

69
Q

FUNCTIONS OF HDL

A

a. Cholesterol efflux (removal) from tissues: reduce stored cholesterol
b. Transport of cholesterol to the live for removal as bile acids (Reverse cholesterol transport)
c. Scavenger of lipids & apo-lipoprotein
d. Reservoir of Apo CII

70
Q
  • similar to LDL; apo (a) linked to apoB-100
A

Lp(a)

71
Q
  • Increased level = increased risk of Congestive Heart Disease, Cerebrovascular Disease & Stroke
A

Lp(a)

72
Q
  • Obstructive Biliary Disease & Familial Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (Lipids 90% of its weight) deficiency (Lipids 90% of its weight)
A

LpX

73
Q

[ – catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol]

A

LCAT

74
Q
  • Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia
A

B-VLDL (“floating B” lipoprotein)

75
Q
  • Richer in cholesterol
A

B-VLDL (“floating B” lipoprotein)

76
Q

: major protein of HDL and chylomicron

A

Apolipoprotein A

77
Q

– involved in activation of LCAT and removal of free chole from extrahepatic tissues

A

Apo AI

78
Q

– structural role in HDL

A

Apo AII

79
Q

inhibits LCAT

A

Apo AII

80
Q

: major protein of all lipoproteins except HDL

A

Apolipoprotein B

81
Q

(found in lipoprotein formed in the liver)

A

Large B or B100

82
Q

(found in lipoprotein formed in the S.I.)

A

Small B or B48

83
Q

: major protein of VLDL and chylomicrons and a minor protein of HDL and LDL

A

Apolipoprotein C

84
Q

– cofactor of lipoprotein lipase

A

Apo CII

85
Q

– inhibits lipoprotein lipase

A

Apo CIII

86
Q

: function as a transfer protein

A

Apolipoprotein D

87
Q
  • glycoprotein w/c enters plasma as part of the nascent HDL
A

Apolipoprotein E

88
Q
  • plays a role in the recognition & catabolism of chylomicron remnant and IDL via specific receptors in hepatic cells
A

Apolipoprotein E

89
Q

Fasting - ideal fast is
NCEP guidelines :

A

12 hours
at least 9 hours

90
Q

Posture -
NCEP guidelines :

A

standardize position during venipuncture
seated for 5 mins prior to sampling

91
Q

Venous vs capillary samples -

A

capillary levels generally lower than venous

92
Q
  • either can be used when only lipid profile is to be measured
A

Plasma vs serum

93
Q

preferred for Lipid Profile measurement by ultracentrifugation /electrophoresis

A

Plasma

94
Q

: preferred additive

A

EDTA

95
Q
  • generally, frozen samples can be satisfactorily analyzed
A

Storage

96
Q

A. Colorimetric/Stepwise Methods

A
  1. Direct Colorimetric/One-Step
  2. Two-Step Method
  3. Three-Step Method
  4. Four-Step Method
97
Q

Serum + color reagent = color reaction

A
  1. Direct Colorimetric/One-Step
98
Q

Interferences from protein and other chromogens

A
  1. Direct Colorimetric/One-Step
99
Q

Unequal color reactions for cholesterol & its ester

A
  1. Direct Colorimetric/One-Step
100
Q

Involves ‘extraction step prior to colorimetric reaction

A

Two-Step Method

101
Q

Separates lipids from proteins

A

Two-Step Method

102
Q

Eliminates protein interference

A

Two-Step Method

103
Q

Interference from other chromogen

A

Two-Step Method

104
Q

Unequal color reaction due to esterified form

A

Two-Step Method

105
Q

Requires 1) extraction, 2) saponification and then 3) colorimetric determination

A

Three-Step Method

106
Q

Standard method

A

Three-Step Method

107
Q

Eliminates protein interference

A

Three-Step Method

108
Q

Chole esters are hydrolyzed: uniform color reaction

A

Three-Step Method

109
Q

Interference from other chromogen

A

Three-Step Method

110
Q

Greatest specificity; reference method

A

Four-Step Method

111
Q

Requires 1) extraction, 2) saponification, 3) purification with digitonin then 4) colorimetric determination

A

Four-Step Method

112
Q

Eliminates interference from protein & other chromogens

A

Four-Step Method

113
Q

Uniformity in color reaction

A

Four-Step Method

114
Q

chole ester + H2O –chole esterase –>

A

cholesterol + FFA

115
Q

cholesterol + O2 –chole oxidase –>

A

cholest-4-ene-3-one + H2O2

116
Q

Quantitation of H2O2 formed:

A

Trinder reaction
O2 consumption
Other methods

CC1 LECTURE DEAN (14 decks)

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