Lecture 10 - Extinction and Interference

Question 1

What are the two basic behavioral effects of extinction?

Answer 1

the target response decreases when the response no longer results in reinforcement.

produces an increase in response variability

Question 2

What is the emotional reaction induced by withdrawal of an expected reinforcer?

Answer 2

frustration

Question 3

What are some Forms of Recovery From Extinction?

Answer 3

spontaneous recovery
renewal
reinstatement
resurgence
concurrent recovery

Question 4

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

Answer 4

If a rest period is introduced after extinction training, responding comes back

Question 5

What is Renewal of Conditioned Responding?

Answer 5

recovery of conditioned responding when the contextual cues that were present during extinction are changed

Question 6

What is Reinstatement of Conditioned Responding?

Answer 6

the recovery of conditioned behavior that occurs when the individual encounters the US again

context specific

Question 7

What is Resurgence of Conditioned Behavior?

Answer 7

the reappearance of an extinguished target response when another reinforced response is extinguished

Question 8

What is concurrent recovery?

Answer 8

Acquisition of a second instrumental response will result in recovery of an extinguished instrumental response.

Question 9

What is facilitated reacquisition?

Answer 9

Faster re-acquisition of excitatory behavioral control by an extinguished CS relative to a novel stimulus.

Question 10

What are the methods of Enhancing Extinction?

Answer 10

1. Number and Spacing of Extinction Trials
2. Immediate Versus Delayed Extinction
3. Repetition of Extinction/Test Cycles
4. Conducting Extinction in Multiple Contexts
5. Presenting Extinction Reminder Cues
6. Compounding Extinction Stimuli
7. Priming Extinction to Update Memory for Reconsolidation

Question 11

How does the Number and Spacing of Extinction Trials affect extinction?

Answer 11

conducting more extinction trials

spaced trials

reduces recovery

Question 12

How does Immediate Versus Delayed Extinction affect extinction?

Answer 12

establishing a learning experience in long-term memory requires a process called memory consolidation. Memory consolidation takes time

Conducting extinction trials immediately after acquisition produces a more rapid loss of conditioned behavior than conducting extinction one day later.

However, a more enduring loss of behavior occurs if extinction trials are delayed 24 hours after the end of acquisition

Question 13

How does Conducting Extinction in Multiple Contexts affect extinction?

Answer 13

eliminate the renewal effect

Question 14

How does Compounding Extinction Stimuli affect extinction?

Answer 14

deepen the extinction of those cues

suggests that extinction operates at least in part by an error-correction process similar to the Rescorla–Wagner model

Question 15

How does Priming Extinction to Update Memory for Reconsolidation affect extinction?

Answer 15

The presentation of a CS serves to activate the memory of acquisition. Once activated, the memory is in a labile or modifiable state in which it can be changed before the memory is reconsolidated and returned to long-term store. The period during which an activated memory can be modified is called the reconsolidation window. Generally, the reconsolidation window lasts less than 6 hours.

Question 16

What Is Learned in Extinction?

Answer 16

extinction does not involve unlearning

extinction involves both behavioral and emotional effects.

Nonreinforcement in the face of the expectation of reward is assumed to trigger an unconditioned aversive frustrative reaction

Responding during the stimulus with which the response had been extinguished was significantly less than responding during the alternate stimulus. These results indicate that the extinction procedure produced an inhibitory S–R association that was specific to a particular stimulus and response

Question 17

What are some Paradoxical Reward Effects?

Answer 17

overtraining extinction effect
magnitude reinforcement extinction
partial-reinforcement extinction effect

Question 18

What is the overtraining extinction effect?

Answer 18

the more training that is provided with continuous reinforcement, the stronger will be the frustration that occurs when extinction is introduced. That in turn produces more rapid extinction

Question 19

What is the magnitude reinforcement extinction effect?

Answer 19

responding declines more rapidly in extinction following reinforcement with a larger reinforcer

Question 20

What is the partial-reinforcement extinction effect?

Answer 20

Extinction is much slower and involves fewer frustration reactions if partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement was in effect before the introduction extinction.

Question 21

What are the Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect?

Answer 21

discrimination hypothesis
frustration theory
sequential theory

Question 22

Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect

What is the discrimination hypothesis?

Answer 22

the introduction of extinction is easier to detect after continuous reinforcement than after partial reinforcement

Question 23

Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect

What is frustration theory?

Answer 23

the instrumental response becomes conditioned to the expectation of nonreward or frustration

Question 24

Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect

What is sequential theory?

Answer 24

with intermittent reinforcement, the memory of nonreward becomes a cue for performing the instrumental response

Question 25

Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect

What is the difference between frustration theory and sequential theory?

Answer 25

Memory mechanisms may make more of a contribution when training trials are scheduled close together and it is easier to remember what happened on the preceding trial. In contrast, the emotional learning described by frustration theory is less sensitive to intertrial intervals and thus provides a better explanation of the partial-reinforcement extinction effect when widely spaced training trials are used

Question 26

What the the two major conclusions of behavioural momentum?

Answer 26

The first is that behavioral momentum is directly related to the rate of reinforcement

Another common (but not universal) finding is that behavioral momentum is unrelated to response rate.

Question 27

What the the two major conclusions of behavioural momentum?

Answer 27

The first is that behavioral momentum is directly related to the rate of reinforcement

Another common (but not universal) finding is that behavioral momentum is unrelated to response rate.

Question 28

How can behavioural momentum be increased?

Answer 28

behavioral momentum should be increased by adding reinforcers to a component of a multiple schedule even if those reinforcers are not contingent on responding

Question 29

How is interference increased?

Answer 29

More similarity between phases more interference
- CSs and USs
- contextual cues
- Temporal cues

Question 30

What are the types of interference?

Answer 30

A then B

Proactive - forgetting of B
Retroactive - forgetting of A

Cue - interference between stimulus
Outcome - interference between outcome

Question 31

What is Bouton’s retrieval theory?

Answer 31

Retrieval is based on context cues

context is based on space/time