L15&16 - Blood and Immunity

Question 1

what is an antibody?

Answer 1

a molecule produced in response to an antigen which can bind specifically with the antigen which induced its formation

Question 2

what is the difference between the constant and variable region?

Answer 2

constant segment splits into Y shape with variable tips which is the site for binding

Question 3

what are the five classes of antibody?

Answer 3

IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG (80%)
IgE

Question 4

what is the difference between the primary and secondary antibody response?

Answer 4

primary takes time, secondary is more prepared so it is much faster

Question 5

what are the types of T cells?

Answer 5

• T helper cells
• T cytotoxic cells
• T suppressor cells
• T natural killer cells

Question 6

what is the function of T cytotoxic cells?

Answer 6

kill cells that are infected with viruses and bacteria and destroy tumour cells

Question 7

what is the function of T helper cells?

Answer 7

send signals that tell other cells in immune system how to attack intruders

Question 8

what is the function of T suppressor cells?

Answer 8

reduce activity of other T cells when necessary and prevent T cells from attacking healthy cells

Question 9

what is the function of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 9

they take up pathogens and process them using Major Histocompatibility Complex and 2 surface proteins to make them recognizable to T cells to destroy

Question 10

what is complement?

Answer 10

collection of protein molecules which circulate in the blood in an inactive form
activated in a cascade fashion by presence of foreign antigen and can induce response

Question 11

what processes does complement facilitate?

Answer 11

phagocytosis, inflammatory response and some can destroy antigens/pathogens

Question 12

what is immunity?

Answer 12

a state of resistance against infection from a particular pathogen

Question 13

what are the 2 fundamental types of immunity?

Answer 13

non-specific (innate) and specific (adaptive)

Question 14

describe inflammatory response?

Answer 14

component of innate immunity
function as a localized battleground
C reactive protein increases as part of the response - useful as diagnostic marker for infection
IL-1 and IL-6 from macrophages target the Hypothalamus causes fever which carries out many benfits

Question 15

what are the types of aquired immunity?

Answer 15

active immunity - produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens
passive immunity - produced by transfer of antibodies from one person to another

Question 16

explain natural and induced active immunity

Answer 16

natural- develops after exposure to antigens in environment
induced - develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease

Question 17

explain natural and induced passive immunity

Answer 17

natural - conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or breast milk
induced - conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection