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Biological Basis of Behaviour II > The Other-Race Effect > Flashcards

The Other-Race Effect Flashcards

1
Q

THE OTHER RACE EFFECT (ORE)

A

MALPASS & KRAVITZ (1969)
- used face recognition task; reported 1st empirical demonstration w/observers performing statsig better at recognising own race > other race faces
- aka. ORE; best-replicated phenomena in literature; established by several meta-analyses; 50+ research years; replicated in several studies w/dif racial groups
- classically reflected by crossover interaction between pps race/faces in discrimination accuracy

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2
Q

SCHECK ET AL. (2003)

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  • real-world impact; focussed on eyewitness testimony failures w/severe consequences for false convictions/prison sentences for innocents incorrectly identified by eyewitness of other race
  • US Innocence Project/Ronald Cotton case
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3
Q

BATE ET AL. (2019)

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  • investigation of ORE effects in security settings ie. failures of face matching by police/passport control
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4
Q

MCKONE ET AL. (2021)

A
  • ORE impacts social interactions; revealed difficulties for person who failed to be recognised by other-race (“victim”) & person who didn’t recognise them (“perpetrator”)
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5
Q

MICHEL ET AL. (2006): METHOD (A)

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  • young student Caucasian/white faces unfamiliar to pps (Belgian/Chinese); neutral expressions
  • study phase = pps memorised 20 faces from each race (3s on screen; 1s interval)
  • recognition phase = forced-choice recognition on 40 individually given faces (20 target; 20 distractors)
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6
Q

MICHEL ET AL. (2006): RESULTS (A)

A
  • STATSIG interaction! (p < .001)
  • Caucasian pps recognised more Caucasian faces > Asian; vice versa for Asian pps
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7
Q

MAIN DEBATES

A

SOCIAL MOTIVATION VS PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE

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8
Q

SOCIAL MOTIVATION

A

BERGER (1969); GALPER (1973)
- observers (particularly w/^ prejudiced racial attitudes) wouldn’t be motivated to differentiate other-race members -> weaker memory for faces

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9
Q

SOCIAL MOTIVATION: LEVIN (2000)

A
  • ORE = tendency measure; individuals must think categorically about outgroup racial members -> processing facial features differently > own race
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10
Q

SOCIAL MOTIVATION: YOUNG ET AL. (2012)

A
  • different facial features used w/own/other race faces; guided by social categorisation based on group membership (aka. race); same analysis applies to sex/age/etc.
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11
Q

PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE

A

RHODES ET AL. (1989)
- lack of contact/visual experience w/other-race faces -> difficulty processing other-race faces configurally
- aka. other-race faces treated w/featural processing

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12
Q

PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE: WAN ET AL. (2015)

A
  • evidence provided that ORE size varies w/interracial experience amount pps have in the everyday
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13
Q

PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE: MCKONE ET AL. (2019)

A
  • recent study proposed specific developmental window (approx. 12y/o) where other-race face acquisition = facilitated -> reducing ORE effects
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14
Q

NEUROCOGNITIVE BASIS

A

GOLBY ET AL. (2001)
- FFA (fMRI)
VIZIOLI ET AL. (2010)
- N170 (EEG/ERPs)
CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022)
- tDCS (to modulate ORE)

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15
Q

GOLBY ET AL. (2001): METHOD

A
  • pps = 10 African Americans (AA)/10 European Americans (EA); 18-30 y/o
  • stimuli = 42 AA/42 EA male neutral face photos; 42 antique radio photos & fixation cross
  • task design = blocked; pps viewed stimuli under 6 conditions w/4 counterbalanced blocks (block = 6 AA or EA or radios or fixation crosses); 3500ms; told to remember stimuli for memory test
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16
Q

GOLBY ET AL. (2001): BEHAVIOURAL RESULTS

A
  • no dif between EA/AA pps recognising antique radios
  • EA pps = ^ recognition performance for EA > AA
  • reversed for AA = ORE support
  • robust ORE found in average
17
Q

GOLBY ET AL. (2001): FMRI (FFA) RESULTS

A
  • FFA defined for individual pps as voxels in fusiform gyrus/adjacent sulci
  • STATSIG ^ active = viewing faces > objects
  • contrast between same/other-race faces used VS objects to define FFA
  • 2 previously established criteria for defining FFA used (1 = ^ stringent threshold (p < .0001); 2 = less stringent threshold (t = 2))
18
Q

GOLBY ET AL. (2001): DISCUSSION

A
  • beh results in accord w/other studies showing superior recognition memory for same-race > other-race faces
  • fMRI results = sames associated w/^ FFA activation > others; FFA always ^ active for sames > others (84% pps)
  • differential recruitment of FFA by dif race faces = difs in perceptual expertise derived from LTM in same/other face exposure
19
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VIZIOLI ET AL. (2010): STIMULI

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20
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VIZIOLI ET AL. (2010): PROCEDURE

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21
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VIZIOLI ET AL. (2010): BEHAVIOURAL RESULTS

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22
Q

VIZIOLI ET AL. (2010): N170/P08 CHANNEL RESULTS

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23
Q

VIZIOLI ET AL. (2010): DISCUSSION

A

BEH RESULTS
- Western Caucasian/East Asian observers = ^ accurate in recognising sames > others; indexed by larger inversion effect recorded for same VS other
N170 RESULTS
- face-inversion effect amplitude = largest for sames > others
- reduced other-race beh/N170 inversion effect could be due to reduced expertise at scrutinising configural info

24
Q

CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE HYPOTHESIS

A
  • if ORE component = reduced perceptual expertise for others -> tDCS procedure should alter it via disrupting perceptual expertise component for sames (ie. ^ familiar)
  • little/no effect should be expected for others (ie. not as familiar)
25
Q

CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): SOCIAL MOTIVATION HYPOTHESIS

A
  • if we assume pps have visual expertise for both own/others (aka. they’re all faces) & ORE is specifically based on social motivation lack => tDCS procedure would reduce FIE for both own/others & ORE = still STATSIG
26
Q

CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): STIMULI

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27
Q

CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): PROCEDURE

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28
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CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): RESULTS (SHAM GROUP)

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29
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CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): RESULTS (ANODAL GROUP)

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30
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CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): ADDITIONAL BETWEEN-GROUP ANALYSIS

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31
Q

CIVILE & MCLAREN (2022): DISCUSSION

A
  • FIE for sames = STATSIG reduced by anodal tDCS > sham -> cross-race interaction (ORE index) = no longer STATSIG
  • perceptual expertise (manifesting via perceptual learning) for upright faces taken from familiar (aka. sames) category contributes to ORE
  • specific tDCS procedure developed in perceptual learning lit can modulate FIE for sames -> full ORE reduction

Biological Basis of Behaviour II (25 decks)

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