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Community Health > Measuring health > Flashcards

Measuring health Flashcards

1
Q

What are three core functions of public health

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Policy development
  3. Assurance
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2
Q

Describe the precede proceed model

A

It is a model used in community diagnosis to assess health and quality of life needs for designing, implementing and evaluating PH programs to meet those needs

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3
Q

What are the 5 purposes of public health

A
  1. Prevent diseases, injuries and transmission of diseases
  2. Respond to diseases and help in recoveries
  3. Protect from environmental hazards
  4. Assure quality and accessible health services
  5. Promote healthy behaviors
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4
Q

State any 5 essential PH services

A
  1. Assess and monitor population health status
  2. Investigate diagnose and manage health problems
  3. Communicate effectively to educate on the health problems, factors that affect them and how to prevent them
  4. Strengthen support and mobilize communities to improve health
  5. Create and implement plans and policies that impact health
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5
Q

Define public health

A

The science of protecting and improving the health of individuals in a community achieved by promoting a healthy lifestyle, preventing injuries and preventing and responding to infectious diseases

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6
Q

The 3 Ps of public health

A

Preventing disease
Prolonging life
Promoting health

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7
Q

What are the PH interests in a community x3

A
  1. Quantifying the occurrence of a disease
  2. Describing the distribution of a disease
  3. Describing the determinants of a disease
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8
Q

State any 3 population characteristics

A

Demographics- age, gender
Socioeconomic status- education, wealth
Lifestyle or behavioral

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9
Q

State 4 aims of population health assessment

A

Goal setting
Needs assessment
Planning to improve resource allocation
Support policy reviews

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10
Q

State 3 sources of vital statistics

A

Birth, death and medical data

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11
Q

Define health metrics

A

Measures of health determinants states and outcomes

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12
Q

What are the importance of health metrics x4

A
  1. Assessing the efficacy of health interventions
  2. Monitoring population health
  3. Tracking the progression of a disease
  4. Targeting health investment and activity
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13
Q

What are the challenges of choosing the right health metrics x3

A
  1. Lack of financial resources
  2. Lack of collaboration between the community and health workers
  3. They may oppose political social and economic systems
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13
Q

What are the challenges of choosing the right health metrics x3

A
  1. Lack of financial resources
  2. Lack of collaboration between the community and health workers
  3. They may oppose political social and economic systems
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14
Q

Define population health

A

The health status and outcomes within a group of people

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15
Q

Define city health plan

A

A plan that addresses the problems of a populations health and strategies to tackle the problems

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16
Q

Describe city health profile

A

A report that describes the health of a city or population giving information on environmental and social factors that affect health

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17
Q

What are the three objectives for carrying out a health and lifestyle survey

A
  1. Obtain baseline information for monitoring patterns of health and changes in health behavior
  2. Obtain information for planning service provision
  3. Raise awareness and improve the agenda setting for health promotion
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18
Q

Define health behaviors

A

Actions that individuals take that can directly influence their health

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19
Q

Consequences of poor health metrics x4

A
  1. Poor health status
  2. Increased cost of health
  3. Little association between health care investments and health outcomes
  4. Health disparities by religion race and education
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20
Q

State 5 examples of health behaviors

A

Smoking
Physical activity
Condom use
Excessive alcohol consumption
Unhealthy diet

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21
Q

What are the reasons for measuring health behaviors x2

A

Program planning
Program evaluation

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22
Q

Define health status

A

a measure of how people perceive their health

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23
Q

State methods involved in measuring health status x5

A

Self reported health status
Physical examinations
Laboratory tests
Disease specific measures
Mortality rates

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24
Q

What are the approaches to measuring health outcome x3

A
  1. Compile health outcome measurements into summary statistics
  2. Assess the distribution of individual health outcome measures
  3. Measure the function and well being of the population
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25
Q

What are the basic outcome metrics of population health x3

A
  1. Measures of mortality life expectancy and premature death
  2. Measures of health function and subjective well being
  3. Measures of distribution of health in a population
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26
Q

Define crude mortality

A

The total number of deaths occurring in an area in a period of 1 year

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27
Q

Define specific mortality

A

The total number of deaths occurring within a specific group of people

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28
Q

What are the current metrics for measuring population health x5

A

Infant mortality rate
Condition-specific mortality rate
Age-adjusted mortality rate
Years of potential life lost-premature mortality
Life expectancy at birth

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29
Q

State 5 attributes of a good outcome metric

A

Valid and reliable
Measurable over time and sensitive to change
Easily understood by people who use them
Measurable with available data sources

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30
Q

Define disease prevalence

A

The number of disease cases present in a particular population at a given time

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31
Q

Seasonal variation is affected by fluctuations in x3

A

Recreational and occupational activities
Environmental factors

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32
Q

Define epidemic

A

Increase in incidence above the expected in a geographical area within a defined time period

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33
Q

Define time clustering

A

A group of cases occur close together and have a well aligned distribution pattern in terms of time and place

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34
Q

What are the sources of information for descriptive epidemiology x5

A

Census
Vital statistical records
Employment health examinations
Clinical records from hospitals
National records on food consumption, medications and health events

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35
Q

Describe the epidemiologic approach x4

A

Identify the problem - clinical suspicion
Formulate the hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Always question the validity of the results - chance and bias

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36
Q

Describe bias and chance

A

Chance is the role of random error in outcome measures
Bias is the role of systematic error in outcome measures

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37
Q

Define a hypothesis and what goes into a hypothesis

A

An educated guess about the source of illnesses based on known information

It contains distribution of disease in terms of Person place and time
Characteristics of a disease ie source of agent, mode of transmission and exposures

38
Q

Define incidence and incidence rate

A

•Incidence is the number of new cases of disease that develop in a population at a given time
•Incidence is the rate at which people get the disease
•Incidence rate is the measure of the probability of the event among persons at risk

39
Q

Define case fatality

A

The rate at which deaths occur from a disease among those with the disease

40
Q

Define maternal mortality ratio

A

Ratio of maternal deaths during child bearing per number of live births within a given time period

41
Q

Describe probability and odds

A

Probability is the chance of an event occurring
Odds is ratio of the probability of an event occurring to the probability of an event not occurring

42
Q

What is the odds ratio for case control studies

A

Odds of exposure in cases//odds of exposure in controls

43
Q

What is the odds ratio for cohort and cross sectional studies

A

Odds of the outcomes in exposed persons/odds of the outcome in non exposed persons

44
Q

What are the 10 steps of outbreak investigation

A

Prepare for field work
Establish the existence of an outbreak
Verify the diagnosis
Define and identify cases
Perform descriptive epidemiology
Develop hypotheses
Perform analytic epidemiology-evaluate hypotheses
Refine hypotheses and conduct additional studies
Implement control and prevention measures
Communicate findings- oral or written

45
Q

What are the objectives of descriptive epidemiology x3

A

To evaluate trends in health and disease and allow comparison among subgroups or countries
To provide a basis for planning provision and evaluation of services
To identify problems to be studied by analytic methods

46
Q

Define determinants of health and its 3 categories

A

The factors that lead to differences in health status
Biological, behavioral, social

47
Q

Why are BMI classification not used in children x2

A

They are constantly growing
Their body proportions are changing

48
Q

Define socioeconomic status and state 3 components

A

Measure of an adult’s or family’s economic or social position within society relative to others
Income + occupation + education

49
Q

Define monitoring and evaluation

A

Monitoring is the routine reporting of program implementation and performance
Evaluation is the periodic assessment of program impact on population level

50
Q

Importance of M & E x5

A

Collects accurate information about the project
Improvement of the project effectiveness
It gives feedback on progress
Promotes accountability
Tracking resources

51
Q

State the pyramid of strategic plan x6

A

Mission> vision > goals> objectives > performance indicators> activities

52
Q

What are the tools of monitoring x3

A

Inputs activities and outputs

53
Q

What are the tools for evaluation x2

A
  1. Outcome- what changes after outputs are produced divided into short medium and long
  2. Impacts
54
Q

Define a health indicator

A

A characteristic of an individual population or environment that is subject to measurement to describe one/more aspects of a program or health outcome

55
Q

Describe 5 characteristics of a good indicator

A

Operational- should be measurable using tested definitions
Valid- should measure what it’s intended to measure
Reliable- it should produce the same results when you more than once
Specific- should measure only this condition
Affordable- should represent a reasonable measurement cost
Timely, one directional

56
Q

Describe the 7 steps involved in planning for monitoring and evaluation

A
  1. Identify who will be involved in the design, implementation, and reporting. Engaging stakeholders.
  2. Clarify scope, purpose, intended use, audience, and budget for evaluation.
  3. Develop the questions to answer what you want to learn as a result of your work.
  4. Select indicators.
  5. Determine the data collection methods.
  6. Analyze and synthesize the information you obtain
  7. Interpret these findings, provide feedback, and make recommendations
57
Q

State 4 aims of the maternal and child health commission

A

1.To track results and resource flow of W&C health at m country level
2.To identify a core set of indicators and measurement needs for W&C health
3.Propose steps to improve health information and registration of births and deaths in low income countries
4.Explore opportunities for innovation in information technology to improve access to reliable info on resources and outcomes

58
Q

Define health information system and its 4 data sources

A

Refers to a system with open data that comes from different sources and that is ethically used to generate strategic information for the benefit of public health
Household survey, censuses, health facility report systems, administrative data systems

59
Q

What are the challenges faced by HIS x4

A

Proliferation of indicators creating a reporting burden
Underdeveloped HIS
Unavailability or poor quality data
Poor standard ICT services

60
Q

What are the ways of strengthening the HIS x5

A

Investment in data recording systems
Explore and improve the current information and communication technologies
Investment in a universal registration of vital statics and events
Development of harmonized program of health surveys
Support to build the country’s capacity to monitor review and act on data

61
Q

Differentiate between measures of intervention coverage and measures of impact

A

Measures of intervention coverage-measures aimed to prevent or reduce exposure of individuals
Measures of impact- assessment of impact based on measured observations

62
Q

Examples of impact indicators of W&C health x3

A
  1. Maternal mortality rate
  2. Under child mortality rate
  3. Stunting prevalence U5
63
Q

Examples of intentional coverage indicators of W&C health x4

A

Demand for family planning satisfied
Antenatal care
Anti retroviral therapy for HIV positive pregnant women
Skilled attendants at birth

64
Q

What are the 5 Ps for SDGs

A

People, planet, peace, prosperity, partnership

65
Q

How can SDG4 Quality education be achieved x2

A

Education system must be re imagined
Education financing must be prioritized

66
Q

What are any 5 challenges encountered in SDG attainment

A

War and instability
Population growth
Poverty and unemployment
Government issues
Global economy

67
Q

To achieve SDG6 water and sanitation x3

A

Boosting infrastructure investment
Improve cross sectoral coordination
Addressing climate change

68
Q

State any 5 health related MDGs

A

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability

69
Q

State 2 challenges faced in the attempt to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger MDG

A

High illiteracy rates
Inadequate food storage facilities

70
Q

What strategies can help reduce child mortality rates x5 MDG

A

1.Increase resource allocation for essential health interventions
2.Improve inter-sectoral collaboration to deal with
other determinants of poor child health
3.Training more health workers
4.Increase immunization of under five children and pregnant women
5.Distribute more free insecticide treated nets and vitamin A

71
Q

What are the challenges faced in attainment of MDG-improve maternal health x3

A

Inadequate skilled health personnel
High employee turnover in the health sector.
Lack of health training institutions

72
Q

Strategies to improve maternal health x4 MDG

A

Improving the availability of quality Maternal and Neonatal care
Strengthening national and district planning and management of MNH care
Advocating for increased commitment and resources for MNH
Increasing enrolment in health training institutions

73
Q

Challenges in combating HIV, TB and malaria x3 MDG

A

Overcrowding and poor nutrition(TB)
Negative social and cultural issues(HIV)
Inadequate knowledge, skills, and shortages of essential commodities

74
Q

Challenges in achieving environmental sustainability x3 MDG

A

Poverty
Increasing population growth
Inadequate alternative livelihoods and affordable energy technologies

75
Q

Aspects of health that are assessed

A

Determinants of health
Health status

76
Q

What the DHO District health office needs to know x5

A

How to manage resources
How the health system works
The health status of a community
Impact of community programs
Where the community is and where it plans to go

77
Q

Purpose of HMIS health management information system

A

Provides aggregated data for analysis of the health situation at a national level

78
Q

Give examples of the categories of health determinants

A

Biological- blood pressure, blood glucose, blood cholesterol
Behavioral- exercise, smoking, diet
Social- work, transport, housing, access to health care

79
Q

Differentiate between risk and protective factors in determinants of health

A

Risk- detrimental to health
Protective- promote or enhance health

80
Q

State 3 things BMI classifications does not take into account

A

Muscle mass
Frame size
Bone mass

81
Q

Effect of good modes of transport x4 in social determinants of health

A

Improve physical health
Promote social interactions
Reduce fatal accidents
Reduce air pollution

82
Q

State 4 disadvantages or weaknesses of community involvement in PH interventions

A

May slow down the process
May lead to community division
Lack of interest if no monetary benefits
Lack of capacity of community members
Unwillingness of community members to make contributions

83
Q

State 4 strengths of community involvement in PH intervention

A

Ensures sustainability and cost sharing
Enhancement of knowledge
Increase program acceptance and ownership
Ensures program meets local needs

84
Q

Describe correlational studies

A

It is used to determine whether there is statistical association or correlation between 2 variables

85
Q

Importance of attaining the SDGs x5

A

Economic growth
Financial stability
Manage climate change
Provide essential human needs
Meet the needs of the present generation

86
Q

Measurements that are used to assess health x4

A

Global measurements - problem analysis
Functional measures- perception
Diseases specific measures- problem verification
Utility measures- priority setting

87
Q

Ways of assessing unmet needs x4

A

Service demands
Service utilization
Perceptions
Relative availability

88
Q

State two types of health indicators and 2 examples

A

Health services indicators - coverage and utilization
Health related socioeconomic indicators - literacy rate and total fertility rate

89
Q

Reasons for measuring health and disease of a population x5

A

Planning
Early detection of epidemics
Management and evaluation of healthcare
Identify or prioritize health problems for action
Identify determinants of disease for preventative action

90
Q

Conditions where incidence is the preferred measurement to prevalence

A

Disease with a short duration eg cancer. People die shortly after diagnosis so it is not useful to measure prevalence

91
Q

Define positive predictive value of screening tests

A

The likelihood that a positive test result indicates the existence of a disease

92
Q

Define negative predictive value of screening tests

A

The likelihood that a negative test result represents the absence of the disease

Community Health (6 decks)

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