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Community Health > Health Promotion > Flashcards

Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

Define a theory

A

A set of principles on which a practice of an activity is based on

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2
Q

Describe explanatory theory

A

It describes reasons why a problem exists
Discovers factors causing the problem so they can be changed

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3
Q

Describe change theory

A

It guides the development of health interventions

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4
Q

Define concepts and constructs

A

Concepts are building blocks of a theory
Constructs are concepts developed for use in a particular theory

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5
Q

Define variables and models

A

Variables are operational constructs. They define a way a construct is to be measured
Models- set of theories

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6
Q

Characteristics of useful theory x4

A

Logical
Consistent with everyday observations
Similar to those used in previous successful programs
Supported by past research

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7
Q

Importance of theories in health promotion x3

A

The form a foundation for program planning and development
Guide research on health behaviors
Identify which indicators should be monitored and measured during program evaluation

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8
Q

Describe the ecological aspects of health

A

It highlights peoples interactions with their physical and sociocultural environment

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9
Q

Describe the 3 levels of influence for health related behaviors

A

Intrapersonal- individual characteristics that influence behavior
Interpersonal- by people who provide social identity, support and role definition
Community levels

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10
Q

Describe the community level of influence for health related behaviors and conditions x3

A

Institutional factors- rules which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors
Community factors- social networks and norms
Public policy- laws that regulate or support healthy actions

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11
Q

Describe the theoretical explanations of 3 levels of influence x3

A

Behavior is mediated by cognitions ie what people know and think
Knowledge is necessary but not sufficient to produce behavior changes
Perceptions, motivation, skills, social environment are key influences on behavior

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12
Q

Describe the health belief model

A

Addresses the individuals perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem, benefits of avoiding the threat and factors influencing the decision to act

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13
Q

State the 6 concepts of heath belief model

A

Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits
Perceived barriers
Cues to action
Self efficacy- confidence to take action

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14
Q

Describe the transtheoretical model

A

Describes individuals motivation and readiness to change behavior

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15
Q

State 6 stages of change

A

Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination

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16
Q

Describe theory of planned behavior

A

It examines the difference between an individuals behavior vs beliefs attitudes, intentions and perceived control over that behavior

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17
Q

State the 4 concepts in theory of planned behavior

A

Behavioral intention
Personal Attitude
Subjective norm
Perceived behavioral control

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18
Q

Define behavioral intention and state 3 factors that affect it

A

Perceived likelihood of performing a behavior
Personal attitude, subjective norm and beliefs

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19
Q

Describe social cognitive theory

A

Describes an ongoing dynamic process in which environmental factors, personal factors and human behavior exert influence upon each other

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20
Q

Factor affecting the likelihood that a person will change a health behavior x3

A

Outcome expectancies
Goals
Self efficacy - individuals belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary for specific performance attainments

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21
Q

Describe the social learning theory

A

People learn from their own experiences and from the actions of others and benefits of those actions

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22
Q

Describe the concepts involved in social cognitive theory x6

A

Reciprocal determinism - dynamic interaction between environment person and behavior
Behavioral capability - knowledge and skill to perform a given behavior
Expectations - anticipated outcomes of behavior
Self efficacy - confidence in one’s ability to take action
Observational learning - watching action and outcome of others behavior
Reinforcements - responses to a persons behavior that influences likelihood of reoccurrence

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23
Q

Describe the communication theory x2

A

Describes how different types of communication affect health behavior
It explores who says what, in which channels, to whom and with what effects

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24
Q

Describe diffusion of innovations theory

A

It addresses how new ideas, products and social practices spread within an organization, community or society

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25
Q

Describe the emphasis of community organization and other participatory models

A

Emphasize community driven approaches to assessing and solving health and social problems

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26
Q

Describe community organizing

A

Process through which community groups are helped to identify common problems, mobilize resources and implement strategies to reach collective goals

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27
Q

Describe 3 community organizing models

A

Locality development- process oriented with the aim of developing group identity and cohesion
Social planning- task oriented on problem solving
Social action- process and task oriented with a goal to increase community’s capacity to solve problems

28
Q

State 3 participatory models

A

Self interest
Media advocacy
Participatory action research

29
Q

State 6 concepts that are used to achieve and measure change

A

Empowerment- people gain mastery over their lives
Community capacity- characteristics of a community
Participations- engagement of community members
Relevance- starts where the people are
Issue selection-identifying targets for change
Critical consciousness- awareness of forces that contribute to social problems

30
Q

What are the purposes of diffusion of innovations x2

A

Used to study the adoption of a wide range of health behaviors and programs
Expands the number of people who are exposed to and reached by successful interventions

31
Q

Describe diffusion of innovation at different levels x3

A

Individual- adopting health behaviors with lifestyle changes
Organizational- starting programs and changing regulations
Community- starting initiatives and using the media

32
Q

Factors affecting the speed and extent of diffusion of innovations x5

A

Compatibility
Complexity
Trialability
Relative advantage
Observability

33
Q

Categories of adopters of theories x5

A

Innovators
Early adopters
Early majority adopters
Late majority adopters
Laggards

34
Q

State the multilevel strategies fostered by public health communications x5

A

Targeted messages at group level
Tailored messages at individual level
Social marketing at community level
Media advocacy at the policy level
Mass media campaigns at population level

35
Q

Purpose of public health communications x5

A

Increase knowledge and awareness of a health issue
Influences perceptions beliefs and attitudes
Demonstrate healthy skills
Strengthen organizational relations
Increase support for services

36
Q

State the clinical manifestations of pellagra x4

A

Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death

37
Q

State 5 diagnostics steps of Precede proceed model

A

Social assessment
Epidemiological assessment
Behavioral and environmental assessment
Educational and ecological assessment
Administrative and policy assessment

38
Q

State the 4 implementation steps of Precede and proceed model

A

Implementation
Process evaluation
Impact evaluation
Outcome evaluation

39
Q

Define public health ethics

A

A systematic approach to balancing competing interests and providing justification for Public Health policies and decisions

40
Q

Define public health laws

A

A set of rules that describes what public health can do and give authority to place significant restrictions on individuals

41
Q

Define formative needs assessment

A

A planning or re-planning stage of a program to identify program needs and resolve issues before a programs is widely implemented

42
Q

Uses of formative needs assessment x5

A

Setting program targets
Identify feasible program strategies
Adjust objectives to changing situations
Identifying the needs for interventions
Define realistic goals and objectives for interventions

43
Q

Define neonatal mortality rate

A

Number of deaths to infants under 28 days per 1000 live births in a given year

44
Q

Define maternal mortality rate

A

Number of maternal deaths per year per 100,000 live births in a given year

45
Q

Define disease specific mortality rate

A

The number of deaths due to a given disease per time per 1000 persons per year

46
Q

Define SWOT analysis

A

It is a high level strategic planning model that helps organizations identify where they are doing well and where they can improve

47
Q

Importance of SWOT analysis x4

A

Helps to overcome threats
Build strengths of intervention
Helps in setting objectives of interventions
Helps to identify weaknesses of a project
Maximizes its response to opportunities

48
Q

Define temporary total disability

A

An injury that does not result in death or permanent disability but makes the injured person unable to perform regular duties

49
Q

Define occupational health

A

Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical mental and social well being of workers in all occupations

50
Q

State 4 theories that support intrapersonal level of influence of behavior

A

The health belief model
The trans theoretical model
The theory of planned behavior
The precaution adoption process model

51
Q

Define deontology

A

Theories which focus on right actions. They make rules as to which actions are permissible and impermissible in various actions

52
Q

Criteria used to define access to safe water in Malawi x4

A

250 people per borehole
Living within half a KM radius of the water source
Use of 27 litres of water per person per day
Use of piped borehole or protected well

53
Q

4 ways to assess for malnutrition

A

MUAC
Oedema
BMI
Weight for height z scores

54
Q

State 5 components of community diagnosis

A

Purpose or aim
The steps or processes undertaken
Formulation of data collection tool
Report writing and dissemination of finding
Planning for intervention

55
Q

Define health promotion

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

56
Q

State three approaches to health promotion

A

Prevention
Health education
Health protection

57
Q

Stages of adoption of an innovation x5

A

Knowledge
Persuasion
Decision to adopt
Implementation
Maintenance

58
Q

Steps involved in community diagnosis x9

A
  1. Community assessment
  2. Social diagnoses
  3. Collecting community data
  4. Collecting primary data
  5. Analysis of primary and secondary data
  6. Prioritizing health problems
  7. Developing community interventions
  8. Creating a community assessment document
  9. Exit strategy
59
Q

Define a community

A

A group of people living in the same defined area and sharing the same values or interests

60
Q

State the levels of community involvement x5

A

Acceptance
Mobilization
Participation
Involvement
Ownership or control

61
Q

Define social capital

A

Connections among individuals

62
Q

State 5 systems in the community

A

Social
Political
Cultural
Economic
Geographic

63
Q

State three ways maps help diagnose the community

A

Location of resources
Distribution of population
Prevalence of health problems

64
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of the community typology framework

A

Identity - belonging to the community
Integration - how often is visit and interaction
Group norms - how important is community welfare
External linkages - what channels exist for contact with outside groups and resources

65
Q

State importance of external linkages in the community x5

A

Members learn new ideas
Seek outside supporters
Members can seek assistance from local government
Raise funds to carry out a community project
Members belong to national or regional organizations

Community Health (6 decks)

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