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Fundamentals of neuroscience > Neurones (cells of NS) > Flashcards

Neurones (cells of NS) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main cell types that the brain is made up of?

A
  • Neurones = cell to cell communication (x10^11)
  • Glia = homeostasis (x10^12)
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2
Q

What are 2 problems that occured when discovering the neurone?

A

They are VERY small!
- Typical brian cell = 10-50um
- Need a microscope

Need thin brain slices from a ‘squidy brain’
- Need to know how to fix and cut tissue

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3
Q

How was the neurone discovered?

A

1740 = Emanual Swedenborg, first description of the neurone

1873 = Camillio Golgi, Goli stain revealed neurones of the brain

1888 = Ramon Y Cajal, used Golgi stain to study circuitry of many brain regions

1891 = Vilhelm von Waldeyer, coined the term ‘neurone’

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4
Q

What was the two theories proposed to explaine neurones?

A
  • Reticular theory
  • Neurone doctrine
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5
Q

What was the Reticular theory?

A
  • Golgi
  • NS made up of a single continuous syncytium of neurones
  • Communicate via continuity

Was wrong

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6
Q

What was the Neurone doctrine?

A
  • Cajal
  • NS made up of individual neurones seperated by small gaps
  • Communicate via contact

Was right

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7
Q

Summary 1:

A
  • NS made up of neurones and glia
  • Golgi and Cajal attributed to understnading the structure of the NS
  • These cells are individual entities (neuron doctrine)
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8
Q

What are the main parts of the neurone body?

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon (may be myelinated)
  • Axon terminals
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9
Q

What is the role of a neurone?

A

Receive, process and transmit electrical signals from one part of the NS to another

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10
Q

What channels are found in the neuronal membrane?

A
  • Na+ (into the cell)
  • K+ (going out of cell)

These help to maintain a gradient

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11
Q

What are the key parts found the in cell body (soma) of a neurone?

A
  • RER
  • Ribsomes
  • Mitochondrion
  • Nucleus
  • Golgi apparatus
  • SER

Contains everything the cell needs

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12
Q

What happens in the nucleus found in the soma?

A

RNA exported out of nucleus, goes to RER to gold apparatus & sent to areas in the neurone

(Transcription)

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13
Q

What is the RER an important store of?

A

Na+

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14
Q

How (in basic terms) can the neurone be excited?

A

G proteins in membrane binds to gluatamte which allows Ca+ channels to open to trigger excitation

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15
Q

Why is it important that there are mitochondria in neurones?

A

Neurones use glucose as main source of energy

They transfer glucose to pyruvate - in the cell this only produces 2 ATP

So using mitochondria they can perform krebs cycle to produce 36ATP

Important for cellular respiration

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16
Q

What are the 3 tubes that amke up the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microtubule (20nm)
  • Neurofilament (10nm)
  • Microfilament (5nm)

These are constantly being broken down & rebuilt

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17
Q

What are the microtubules associated with?

A

Alzheimers

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18
Q

What is microfilament made up of?

A

Individual atoms (actin molecules)

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19
Q

How long is the longest axon in the human body?

A

1m long

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20
Q

What is the role of axons?

A

Action potential propagation

Can be myelinated or unmelinated

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21
Q

What order do potentials travel down the axon?

A

Axon hillock > axon proper > axon terminal

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22
Q

What are the two directions of axonal travel?

A
  • Anterograde
  • Retrograde
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23
Q

Can the axon synthesise proteins?

A

No protein synthesis can occur here

Must be made in the cell body & ttransported by the cytoskeleton

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24
Q

What direction of axonal travel in Anterograde?

A

Foward along the axon

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25
Q

What direction of travel is Retrograde?

A

Back along the axon to the cell body

26
Q

What is a node or ranvier?

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath which APs “jump” between

27
Q

What are the stages in creatin an AP and what channels are open during these?

A
  • Resting potential = Na+/K+ pump
  • Depolarisation = Voltage gated Na+ channel
  • Repolarisation = voltage gated K+ channel
  • Resting potential = Na+/K+ pump
28
Q

When does depolarisation happen?

A

When the threshold of 55mV is reached

Causes voltage gated Na+ channels to open & an influx of ions to make membrane potential more +ive

29
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

This is where the synapse is, synaptic vesicles carry NTs across the gap

In presynaptic –> postsynaptic direction

30
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branch off the neurone to pick up signals around the area - work like antenna

Form synapses to transfer info

31
Q

What is convergence?

A

Incoming signals from lots of presynaptic neurone (terminal)

32
Q

Where is AP initiated?

A

In the axon hillock as the result of synaptic input at the dendrites

33
Q

Where does the AP travel along?

A

Along the axon terminal which synapses with the dendrites of the next neurone

34
Q

What happens when the AP reaches the axon terminal?

A
  • This triggers synaptic activity in the form of NT release from the presynaptic neurone
  • The NTs bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neurone triggering the generation of an AP
35
Q

What is convergence?

A

Multiple axon terminals synapse with the dendrites of just one postsynaptic neurone

They “converge” onto one neurone

36
Q

What is divergence?

A

One presynaptic neurone branches off and its axon terminals synapse with numerous other postsynaptic neurones

One neurone “diverges” off to many others

37
Q

What is the role of the membrane in a neurone?

A
  • Encase the neurone
  • expresses specific proteins in specific locations
38
Q

What is the role of the soma?

A

The “house keeper”

it is the cell body

39
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • RER and ribosomes = translation
  • SER = protein folding
  • Calcium stores
40
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Post translational modifications
  • Protein packaging
41
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Cell structure
  • Protein transport
42
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A

AP propagration

43
Q

What is the role of the axon terminal?

A

Presynaptic NT release

44
Q

What is the role of the dendrites?

A

Postsynaptic input

45
Q

What are the 4 main ways to classify a neurone?

A
  • Axonal projection
  • Dendritic pattern
  • Number of processors
  • Based on connections
46
Q

What are the 2 types of axonal projection?

A
  • Goes to a distant brain area
  • Stays in local brain area
47
Q

For a neurone wich goes to a distant brain area do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
  • Describe it’s structure
A
  • Projection neurone or principal neuron or Golgi type I cell (corticla motor neurone)
  • Affects different brain areas
  • Long postsynaptic axon (dorsal root ganglion cell)
48
Q

For a neurone wich stays in a local brain area do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
  • Describe it’s structure
A
  • Intrinsic neurone or interneurone or Golgi type II cell (cortical inhibitory neurone)
  • Affects only nearby neurones
  • Pre and postsynaptic axons are similar in length - pretty short (retinal bipolar cell)
49
Q

What are the 2 types of dendritic patterns axons can have?

A
  • Pyramid shaped spread of dendrites
  • Radial-shaped dpread of dendrites
50
Q

For a pyramid-shaped dendrite spread, do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
  • Describe it’s structure
A
  • Pyramid cell (hippocampal pyramidal neurone)
  • Large area for receiving synaptic input –> determines pattern of incoming axons that can interact with the cell
  • Most dendrites collected around the cell with one longer extended one
51
Q

For a radial-shaped spread of dendrites do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
  • Describe it’s structure
A
  • Stellate cell (cortical stellate cell)
  • Large area for receiving synaptic input: determines pattern of incoming axons that can interact with the cell (i.e. star shaped)
  • Dendrites project directly off the cell, they are all equally long and in a star like shape
52
Q

What are the different numbers of processers a neurone can have?

A
  • One processor exits the cell body
  • Two processors exit the cell body
  • Many processors exit the cell body
53
Q

For a neurone with on processor, do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
  • Describe it’s structure
A
  • Unipolar neurone (dorsal root ganglion cell)
  • Small area for receiving synaptic input: highly specialised function
  • One straight line of axon with the some coming off of it - only allows for one process
54
Q

For a neurone with two processors, do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
  • Describe it’s structure
A
  • Bipolar neurone (retinal bipolar cell)
  • Small area for recieiving synaptic input: highly specialised function
  • Axon comes off either end of the soma - allows for two processes to happen
55
Q

For a neurone with many processors, do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
  • Describe it’s structure
A
  • Multipolar neurone (spinal motor neurone)
  • Large areas for recieving synaptic input: determines the pattern of incoming axons that cna interact with the cell
  • Many dendrites coming off from all over the cell
56
Q

What are the 3 different things neurones can synapse with?

A
  • With muscles (motor)
  • With other neurones (interneurones)
  • Recieve info from sensory surfaces of the body e.g. skin and retina (sensory)
57
Q

For a neurone which synapses with muscles do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
A
  • Motor neurones e.g. spinal motor neurones
  • Transmit motor signals from the CNS to the periphery to cause movement
58
Q

For a neurone which synapses with other neurones do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
A
  • Interneurones e.g. cortical stellate cells & spinal interneurones
  • Enable communication between sensory & motor neurones
59
Q

For a neurone which recieves info from sensory skin surfaces on the body (e.g. skin & retina) do the following:

  • Give an example
  • Its funtional implication
A
  • Primary sensory neurones e.g. dorsal root ganglion neurone
  • Transmission of sensory info e.g. temp from the periphary to the CNS
60
Q

What is a myotatic reflex?

A

Reflex stimulates the spinal cord, the motor neurones go to the extensor muscle

Fundamentals of neuroscience (38 decks)

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