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2.2 Cellular Pathology > Cancer Classification and Identification > Flashcards

Cancer Classification and Identification Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer staging
(5)

A

Cancer staging describes the extent of a person’s cancer based on:
- The site of the primary tumour
- Its size
- How far it has invaded into local tissues and structures
- Whether it has spread to regional lymph nodes
- Whether it has metastasised to other regions of the body

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2
Q

What is cancer staging
(5)

A

Cancer staging describes the extent of a person’s cancer based on:
- The site of the primary tumour
- Its size
- How far it has invaded into local tissues and structures
- Whether it has spread to regional lymph nodes
- Whether it has metastasised to other regions of the body

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3
Q

What is TNM

A

Tumour, node and metastasis

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4
Q

What is the T in TNM staging?

A

Primary tumout

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5
Q

What is the N in TNM

A

Regional lymph node

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6
Q

What is the M in TNM

A

Distant metastasis

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7
Q

How are tumours classed

A

TX
T0
T1, T2, T3, T4

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8
Q

What does TX mean

A

Main tumour cannot be measured

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9
Q

What does T0 mean

A

Main tumour cannot be found

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10
Q

What does T1 - T4 mean?
(3)

A

This refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumour

The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumour or the more it has grown into nearby tissues

T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b

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11
Q

How are regional lymph nodes graded

A

NX
N0
N1, N2, N3

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12
Q

What does NX mean

A

Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured

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13
Q

What does N0 mean

A

There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes

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14
Q

What does N1, N2, N3 mean

A

This refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer

The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer

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15
Q

How is metastasis graded?

A

MX
M0
M1

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16
Q

What does MX mean?

A

Metastasis cannot be measured

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17
Q

What does M0 mean?

A

Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body

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18
Q

What does M1 mean?

A

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body

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19
Q

Write about poorly differentiated cancers
(2)

A

These have highly abnormal call appearance and large numbers of dividing cells and tend to grow more quickly, spread to other organs more frequently, and be less responsive to therapy than cancers whose cells have a more normal appearance

Based on these differences in microscopic appearance, doctors assign a numerical ‘grade’ to most cancers

20
Q

How does differentiation add to grading of tumours

A

A low number grade (grade I or II) refers to cancers with fewer cell abnormalities than those with higher numbers (III or IV)

21
Q

What does grade 0 mean?
(3)

A

Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue.

Also called carcinoma in situ, or CIS

CIS is not cancer but it may become cancer

22
Q

What does grade I-III mean

A

Cancer is present

The higher the number, the larger the cancer tumour and the more it has spread into nearby tissues

23
Q

What does grade IV mean

A

The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

24
Q

What does in situ mean

A

Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue

25
Q

What does localised mean

A

Cancer is limited to the place where it started, with no sign that it has spread

26
Q

What does regional mean

A

Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues or organs

27
Q

What does distant mean

A

Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

28
Q

What does ‘unknown’ site of tumour mean

A

There is not enough information to figure out the stage

29
Q

Tumours are classified based on site, what are the five sites of tumours

A

In situ
Localised
Regional
Distant
Unknown

30
Q

What is cancer
(3)

A

When normal cell regulation is disrupted, a chain reaction of cellular malfunction can occur which leads to disease

Cancer can be a result of this malfunction

We need to understand the differences between healthy cells and cancer cells to be able to identify them

31
Q

Where should division only occur?

A

Should only be dividing in the basal layer

32
Q

What is a slow dividing cancer?

A

Indolent cancer

33
Q

What is a fast dividing cancer

A

Aggressive cancer

34
Q

What should you be looking for when investigating cancer at low power
(4)

A

Pattern disruption

Darker areas of staining

Indistinct cell borders

Lymphocytic infiltrate

35
Q

What patterns are seen in carcinoma?

A

Nests, packets lobules

36
Q

What patterns are seen in adenocarcinoma

A

Tubules
Acini

37
Q

What are acini

A

Any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed “berry”

38
Q

What do we look for in cells when investigating cancer at high power
(5)

A

Irregular shape

Larger darker nuclei

Out of control growth that doesn’t follow a pattern

Immortal cells

Immature- undifferentiated cells

39
Q

Write about the morphology of the cancer cell

A

Large nucleus
Having an irregular size and shape
Nucleoli are prominent
Cytoplasm is scarce and intensely coloured or extremely pale
Loss of specialised features

40
Q

How should you investigate the nucleus?

A

Surface
Volume
Nucleus/cytoplasm ratio
Shape
Density
Structure and homogeneity
The number of mitoses is increases
Atypical mitosis form

41
Q

What are eight examples of epithelial neoplasms

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Medullary carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Carcinoma in situ
Mucinous carcinoma

42
Q

Give some examples of connective tissue neoplasm

A

Bone = osteosarcoma
fibrous tissue = fibrosarcoma
Cartilage = chondrosarcoma
fat = liposarcoma
Nerve = neurofibrosarcoma

43
Q

What indicates Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Reed Sternberg cells

44
Q

What indicates Non Hodgkins lymphoma
(4)

A

Mature B cell neoplasms

Mature T cell and Natural killer (NK) neoplasm

Precursor lymphoid neoplasms

Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders

45
Q

Write about tumour infiltrating immune cells

A

White blood cell that leaves the blood and migrate towards a tumour

T and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophil

Implicated in killing tumour cells

Presence of lymphocytes are often associated with better-clinical outcomes important in prognosis and potentially prediction to therapy

46
Q

Write about the tumour microenvironment

A

Tumour cells co-exist with immune cells and on immune cells

Nearly all immune cells can infiltrate cancer cells

CD8+ T lymphocytes can recognise and kill cancer cells directly but secreting cytotoxic molecules

2.2 Cellular Pathology (29 decks)

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