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ecology & evolution final exam > Unit III: Archaeplastida > Flashcards

Unit III: Archaeplastida Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Land plants on the ToL?

A
  1. Bryophyta (mosses)
  2. Polypodiosida (ferns)
  3. Gymnosperms
  4. Angiosperms
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2
Q

In the transition to land of land plants what were advantages?

A
  • More resources for photosynthesis: light and carbon dioxide
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3
Q

Cuticle

A

watertight sealant that prevents water loss

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4
Q

Stoma

A

(Stomata) pores that can open and close and control gas exchange

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5
Q

Flavonoids

A

UV absorbing compounds that prevent DNA damage

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6
Q

Apical meristems

A

undifferentiated cells that proliferate (grows) throughout life

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7
Q

What are the defining traits of land plants?

A
  • Cuticle
  • Stomata
  • Flavonoids
  • Apical meristems
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8
Q

Sporophyte

A

– Multicellular and diploid
– Produce spores by meiosis

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9
Q

Gametophyte

A

– Multicellular and haploid
– Produce gametes by mitosis

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10
Q

Bryophyta (mosses) characteristics

A
  • Most common in moist forests
  • Anchored by rhizoid (precursor to roots)
  • Lack vascular tissue (tubes of water in body)
  • Gametophyte-dominated alternation of generations
  • Homospory
  • Water is needed to move gametes
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of tissue in alternation of generations?

A
  1. Sporophyte
  2. Gametophyte
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12
Q

What are the defining traits of Bryophyta?

A
  • Rhizoid
  • Gametophyte-dominant life cycle
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13
Q

What was challenge faced by Vascular plants in their transition to land?

A
  1. Gravity:
    - Vascular tissue (accompanied by roots)
    - Elaboration of vascular tissue with two types of cells:
    a) Tracheids
    b) Vessel elements
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14
Q

Tracheids

A

secondary cell walls supported by complex polymer lignin (Polypodiopside, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms)

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15
Q

Vessel elements

A

wider Tracheids, with gaps for more efficient water movement (Angiosperms)

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16
Q

What are the defining traits of vascular plants?

A
  • Tracheids (with lignin)
  • Roots
  • Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
17
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns)

A
  • Found in wide variety of habitats, although generally in shaded areas
  • Large leaves (fronds) are coiled when young (fiddleheads)
  • Sporophyte-dominated alteration of generations
  • Homospory, produced in sori: clusters on undersides of leaves
  • Water is needed to move gametes
  • Pioneer species: grows earlier in season for sunlight
18
Q

What are the defining traits are Polypodiopsida?

A
  • Fronds
  • Fiddleheads
  • Sori
19
Q

Seed

A

provides protection, nourishment, and potential of dormancy for the embryo

20
Q

Pollen

A

male gametophytes, protective coating resistant to desiccation

21
Q

What led to a reduction in the dependence on water for reproduction?

A
  • Seed
  • Pollen
    (Gymnosperms, Angiosperms)
22
Q

What are the defining traits of seed plants (Gymnosperms, Angiosperms)?

A
  • Seeds
  • Pollen
  • Wood
23
Q

Gymnosperms characteristics

A
  • Gymnosperm = ‘naked-seed’
    – Ovules not enclosed
  • Includes conifers, Ginkgo, and cycads
  • Two types of spores (heterospory):
    – Male cones: pollen
    – Female cones: ovules
24
Q

Angiosperms characteristics

A
  • Angiosperm = “encased seeds”
  • High diversity
  • Flower reproductive organ
  • Some species produce nutritious and brightly colored fruit that is derived from the ovary
25
Q

List the 4 reproductive organs of flowers.

A
  • Sepal
  • Petals
  • Stamen (male)
  • Carpel (female)
26
Q

Fruit

A
  • Derived from the ovary, tissue surrounding seeds
  • Tissue often nutritious and brightly colored
  • Aids seed dispersal
27
Q

What were the challenges faced by land plants in their transition to land? And how did they adapt?

A
  1. Water loss:
    - cuticle
    - stoma
  2. UV light:
    -flavonoids
  3. Movement:
    - apical meristems
28
Q

What are the 3 vascular plants?

A
  • Polypodiosida
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms

ecology & evolution final exam (15 decks)

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