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Ecology & Evolution Final Exam > Unit I: Intro to Evolution > Flashcards

Unit I: Intro to Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

change in allele frequencies of a population across generations

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2
Q

What processes cause evolution?

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Migration
  4. Mutation
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3
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A
  1. reproduction of individuals with favorable genetic traits that survive environmental change because of those traits, leading to evolutionary change
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4
Q

What is Variation?

A

genetic differences among individuals in a population

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5
Q

What are the 4 Postulated of Natural Selection?

A
  1. Variation exists among individual organisms in a population
  2. Some of that variation is heritable
  3. Survival and reproduction success is variable
  4. Individuals best able to survive and reproduce is not a random sample
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6
Q

Explain Postulate 3 of Natural Selection.

A
  • Populations produce more offspring than can survive
  • Resource limit populations, lead to struggle for existence
  • Some individuals reproduce more than others
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7
Q

What is a Polygenic Trait?

A

controlled by multiple genes
(ex: expressions of Bmp4 which effects width and depth)

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8
Q

What is Adaptation?

A

heritable traits or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival and reproduction in its present environment
Note: that environments change, and thus the trait that is adaptive can also change

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9
Q

What is Heredity?

A

the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring

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10
Q

What is heritability?

A

the fraction of population variation that can be attributed to its genetic variance

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11
Q

What did Gregor Mendel discovery?

A

(1822-1884)
- Each parent passes a combination of discrete ‘factor’ (alleles or genes)
- Each gamete carries only one factor
-Factors segregate independently during gamete formation
- Dominant and recessive factors

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12
Q

Was Gregor Mendel’s work known by Wallace and Darwin?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What is Evolutionary Fitness?

A

individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

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14
Q

What is Relative Fitness?

A

individual’s ability to survive and reproduce relative to the rest of the population

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15
Q

What is Selection Pressure:

A

environmental factor that causes one phenotype to be better than another (abiotic or biotic)

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16
Q

Name the types of Selections.

A
  1. Stabilizing selection
  2. Directional selection
  3. Diversifying selection
  4. Frequency-dependent selection
  5. Negative free-dependent selection
  6. Sexual selection
  7. Artificial selection
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17
Q

In Stabilizing selection, Phenotype higher AND lower than the mean has __________.

A

low fitness

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18
Q

In Stabilizing selection, mean __________________.

A

stays the same

19
Q

In Stabilizing selection, Genetic variation is _______.

A

reduced

20
Q

In Directional selection, Phenotype higher OR lower than the mean has _______.

A

highest fitness

21
Q

In Directional selection, the mean move in the direction with the ______ fitness.

A

higher

22
Q

In Directional selection, Genetic variation is _______.

A

reduced

23
Q

In Diversifying selection, Phenotype higher AND lower than the mean has the ____ fitness

A

high

24
Q

In Diversifying selection, the mean ___________________.

A

COULD stay the same

25
Q

In Diversifying selection, Genetic variation is ________.

A

increased

26
Q

Positive frequency-dependent selection is understood to be

A

stabilizing selection

27
Q

What is Negative frequency-dependent selection?

A

is a type of diversifying selection when considered over multiple generations

28
Q

In Negative frequency-dependent selection the ____ type has a higher fitness.

A

rare

29
Q

In populations with sexual dimorphism, the ____ are typically more decorated, larger , or stronger.

A

males

30
Q

What is Sexual Selection?

A

selection that favors phenotypes that increase ability to obtain or choose good mate

31
Q

Who does Sexual Selection often act on? And Why?

A

Males, because of fundamental asymmetry of sex

32
Q

What is Fundamental Asymmetry of Sex?

A

females invest more in their offspring than do males

33
Q

What does Sexual Selection predict?

A

females should be choosy, males compete with each other

34
Q

What is Artificial Selection?

A

Deliberate manipulation of fitness by humans through selective breeding

35
Q

What type of Selection molds domesticated plants and animals?

A

Artificial Selection

36
Q

What leads to genetic drift?

A

sampling error in sexual reproduce

37
Q

Individuals are ______ & produce gametes that are ______.

A

diploid (2n), haploid (n)

38
Q

Gametes contain _________ of an individual’s alleles

A

random sampling (50/50 probability for each allele)

39
Q

Allele frequencies therefore ______ across generations.

A

“drift”

40
Q

The magnitude of the drift is INVERSELY related to the population size:

A

large population size = low genetic drift
small population size = high genetic drift

41
Q

Genetic Drift can lead to _____ or ____ of alleles, which reduces genetic diversity.

A

loss (freq = 0), fixation (freq = 1)

42
Q

What causes Genetic Drift?

A
  1. Bottleneck effect (sudden reduction in population size)
  2. Founder Effect (dispersal over a barrier)
43
Q

Genetic drift affects the whole genome and is random with respect to fitness.

A

True

44
Q

Genetic drift will usually result in a _______ in average fitness.

A

reduction

Ecology & Evolution Final Exam (15 decks)

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