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Anatomy II > Anatomy II Final > Flashcards

Anatomy II Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between catabolic reaction and anabolic reaction?

A

Anabolic reactions are building up and catabolic reactions are breaking down.

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2
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration, in order.

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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3
Q

Where are the receptors for water soluble hormones located?

A

Receptors for water soluble hormones are located on the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Where are receptors located for lipid soluble hormones?

A

Receptors for lipid soluble hormones are located within the cell.

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5
Q

Insulin is responsible for?

A

causing cells to take sugar out of blood to regulate blood sugar

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6
Q

Diabetics face problems with

A

Blood glucose staying high, due to problem with insulin. Therefore, the cells are starving because they are not taking in any sugar from the blood.

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7
Q

The problem with type 1 diabetes is

A

the pancreas is not making an insulin at all

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8
Q

The problem with type 2 diabetes is

A

insulin is being produced, but the cells are not responding to it; insulin resistant

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9
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

the amount of red blood cells in whole blood

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10
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

it regulates hematocrit; it is made in the kidneys, and goes to the red bone marrow to stimulate the production of more RBC’s

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11
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

Hemoglobin transports oxygen throughout the body. “The bus that oxygen rides around on.”

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12
Q

What is the official clinical reading for high blood pressure?

A

140/90

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13
Q

In order to be diagnosed with hypertension…

A

a high blood pressure must be sustained over a period of time with multiple readings

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14
Q

What are the two ways the body regulates blood pressure.

A
  1. cardiac output(how slow or fast the heart is beating)
  2. vasoconstriction/vasodilation of the blood vessels
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15
Q

What is a gradient:

A

Things always want to go from high to low

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16
Q

What are the final products of glycolysis?

A

-2 pyruvic acid
-2 NADH
-net gain of 2 ATP

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17
Q

What are the final products of the Krebs Cycle?

A

-8 NADH
-2 FADH
-6 CO2
-2 ATP

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18
Q

The receptor for lipid soluble hormones are located

A

within the cell

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19
Q

The receptor for water soluble hormones is located

A

on the plasma membrane of the cell

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20
Q

What are some examples of lipid soluble hormones?

A

testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, aldosterone

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21
Q

What are some examples of water soluble hormones?

A

epinephrine, glucagon, dopamine

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22
Q

What happens if the Krebs Cycle is deactivated?

A

electron transport is directly prevented

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23
Q

How is oxygen used in oxidative phosphrylation?

A

oxygen is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation and combines with hydrogen to form H2O as an output

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24
Q

What are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH & FADH(as the electron donors in oxidative phosphorylation), and oxygen

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25
Q

What are outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP and H2O

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26
Q

_______ is storable glucose, because the body will immediately use _____.

A

Glycogen; ATP

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27
Q

Glycogenesis is

A

glycogen formation

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28
Q

Glycogenolysis is

A

glycogen breakdown

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29
Q

Carbo loading allows for

A

muscles to store more glycogen

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30
Q

Glucose is formed in ______ from _______ and _____ _____.

A

liver; glycerol; amino acids

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31
Q

Describe the absorptive state

A

food in stomach; energy sources supplied by food; anabolism exceeds catabolism; primarily controlled by insulin

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32
Q

Describe the postabsorptive state

A

GI tract empty; energy sources supplied by breakdown of reserves

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33
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by

A

elevated blood glucose levels

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34
Q

During the postabsorptive state ________ exceeds ________.

A

catabolism exceeds anabolism

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35
Q

The goal of the postabsorptive state is to

A

maintain blood glucose between meals

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36
Q

Glycogenolysis occurs in

A

the liver

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37
Q

Glycogenesis occurs in

A

skeletal muscle

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38
Q

Lipolysis occurs in

A

adipose tissues and liver

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39
Q

Is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

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40
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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41
Q

Identify whether the three parts of cellular respiration are aerobic or anaerobic.

A

Glycolysis-anaerobic
Krebs Cycle- anaerobic
Oxidative Phosphorylation- aerobic

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42
Q

What is the job of lipoproteins?

A

transport water insoluble cholesterol in blood

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43
Q

What is the difference between HDLs and LDLs?

A

HDL-healthy
LDL-lousy

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44
Q

Statins are

A

cholesterol lowering drugs

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45
Q

A calorimeter measures

A

heat liberated into water chamber

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46
Q

A respirometer measures

A

oxygen consumption

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47
Q

Basal metabolic rate is

A

the energy the body needs to perform its most essential activities

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48
Q

Normal body temp is

A

98.6

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49
Q

Heat is lost through(RECC)

A

Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
Convection

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50
Q

What part of the body has the highest temperature?

A

core

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51
Q

What part of the body has the lowest temperature?

A

shell(skin)

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52
Q

Radiation is

A

loss of heat by infrared rays

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53
Q

Conduction is

A

transfer of heat by direct contact

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54
Q

Convection is

A

transfer of heat to surrounding air

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55
Q

Evaporation is

A

heat loss due to evaporation of water from body surface

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56
Q

Insensible heat loss is

A

heat loss through lungs, oral mucosa, skin

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57
Q

Sensible heat loss

A

body temp rises and sweating increases water vaporization

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58
Q

When overheated, the body will

A

dilate cutaneous blood vessels

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59
Q

Controlled hyperthermia is commonly known as

A

fever

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60
Q

Water soluble hormones can enter the cell. T/F

A

False; only lipid soluble hormones can enter the target cell.

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61
Q

Target cells are defined as

A

tissues with receptors for specific hormones

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62
Q

Endocrine glands release hormones in response to

A

-humoral stimuli
-neural stimuli
-hormonal stimuli

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63
Q

What is humoral stimuli

A

changing blood levels that directly stimulate the secretion of hormones

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64
Q

What is neural stimuli?

A

nerve fibers that stimulate hormone release
Ex: fight or flight

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65
Q

What is hormonal stimulus?

A

hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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66
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones include

A

oxytocin and ADH

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67
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL

68
Q

The hormone responsible for strong uterine contractions is

A

oxytocin

69
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

posterior pituitary gland

70
Q

Glucagon is responsible for

A

increasing blood glucose levels

71
Q

What is the difference between LH and FSH?

A

LH- promotes production of gonadal hormones
FSH- stimulates gamete production

72
Q

Where is antidiuretic created and stored?

A

It is created in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

73
Q

Thyroid hormone helps with

A

tissue growth and development; maintenance of blood pressure

74
Q

Acinar cells within the pancreas are responsible for

A

producing enzyme rich juice for digestion

75
Q

Pancreatic islets contain

A

endocrine cells

76
Q

Alpha cells produce

A

glucagon

77
Q

Beta cells produce

A

insulin

78
Q

The ovaries produce what two hormones?

A

estrogen and progeterone

79
Q

What hormone do the testes produce?

A

testosterone

80
Q

What hormones does adipose tissue produce?

A

leptin, resistin, adiponectin

81
Q

Leptin is responsible for

A

appetite control

82
Q

Resistin is an insulin

A

antagonist

83
Q

Adiponectin is responsible for

A

enhancing sensitivity to insulin

84
Q

Erythropoietin is responsible for

A

signaling the production of RBCs

85
Q

Renin is responsible for

A

blood pressure regulation

86
Q

Blood consists of

A

plasma and formed elements

87
Q

Define plasma

A

nonliving fluid matrix

88
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

living blood cells suspended in plasma which include: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

89
Q

Hematocrit is

A

the percent of blood volume that is RBC’s

90
Q

The buffy coat consists of

A

leukocytes and platelets

91
Q

What percent of blood do leukocytes make up?

A

<1%

92
Q

Leukocytosis is a normal response to

A

infection

93
Q

The two categories of leukocytes are:

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

94
Q

Granulocytes consist of: (BEN)

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

95
Q

Agranulocytes include:

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

96
Q

Decreasing abundance of leukocytes in blood is

A

never let monkeys eat bananas

97
Q

Define leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs

98
Q

Leukemia is defined as

A

cancerous leukocytes that fill red bone marrow & immature nonfunctional WBC in blood

99
Q

What percent of blood is made up of erythrocytes?

A

45%

100
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A

-biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles
-filled w hemoglobin

101
Q

How is the prevention of blood loss initiated?

A

through plasma proteins and platelets

102
Q

Plasma is ___ water

A

90%

103
Q

Anemia is

A

blood having abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity

104
Q

What are the three causes of anemia

A

-blood loss
-low rbc production
-high rbc destruction

105
Q

why is iron important?

A

Heme’s central iron atom is what binds oxygen; body uses it to create hemoglobin

106
Q

What are the three steps in hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
107
Q

Hemostasis is

A

clotting; stopping blood flow

108
Q

What blood group is considered to be the universal recipient?

A

AB

109
Q

What blood group is considered to be the universal donor?

A

O

110
Q

What blood type can type B safely receive?

A

B, O

111
Q

What blood type can type A safely receive?

A

A, O

112
Q

Hematocrit can be used to test for?

A

anemia

113
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart starting at the vena cava

A

superior vena cava–>right atrium–>tricuspid valve–>right ventricle–>pulomary semilunar valve–>pulmonary trunk–>lungs–>pulmonary veins–>left atrium–>bicuspid valve–>left ventricle–>aortic semilunar valve–>aorta–>to body

114
Q

The right atrium receives blood returning from the _______ circut.

A

systemic

115
Q

The left atrium receives blood returning from the ________ circut.

A

pulmonary

116
Q

What two factors go into the heart pumping blood?

A

-contraction of cardiac muscle
-electrical coordination

117
Q

The P wave represents

A

depolarization of the SA node

118
Q

The QRS complex represents

A

ventricular depolarization AND atrial repolarization

119
Q

The T wave represents

A

ventricular repolarization

120
Q

Systole is the

A

contraction

121
Q

Diastole is the

A

relaxation

122
Q

Cardiac output =

A

heart rate x stroke volume

123
Q

Arteries carry blood _____

A

away from the heart

124
Q

Veins carry blood

A

toward the heart

125
Q

What are the three wall layers in arteries and veins?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

126
Q

Where in the body is blood pressure the highest?

A

the aorta

127
Q

Where in the body is blood pressure the lowest?

A

veins and vena cava

128
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

nerve cells that detect changes in the blood

129
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is responsible for

A

pushing fluid OUT of the capillary

130
Q

Osmotic pressure is responsible for

A

pulling water IN

131
Q

What generates osmotic pressure in the capillary?

A

albumin proteins

132
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive defenses?

A

innate: general response to any antigen(first responders)
adaptive: response to specific antigen(develops memory)

133
Q

In humoral immunity, ______ mark pathogens for _______.

A

antibodies; destruction

134
Q

In cellular immunity, _________ act against ______ _____.

A

T-lymphocytes; infected cells

135
Q

What is the difference between a primary immune response and a secondary immune response?

A

a primary immune response occurs after a delay, while a secondary immune response to the same antigen is faster and larger

136
Q

What is titer?

A

a measure of how big of an immune response there is

137
Q

When is the greatest titer produced?

A

2-3 days after SECOND exposure

138
Q

Define the respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange

139
Q

Define the conducting zone

A

conduits to gas exchange sites(ex: respiratory structures)

140
Q

The pulmonary arteries deliver

A

systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation

141
Q

The pulmonary veins deliver

A

oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to heart

142
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

lungs get larger, & pressure inside decreases.
greater pressure outside forces air into lungs

143
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

lungs get smaller and pressure increases.
Lower pressure outside forces air out of lungs

144
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure and volume are inversely proportional

145
Q

Define external respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a respiratory membrane

146
Q

Diffusion drives oxygen from the ______ into the _________.

A

alveoli; capillaries

147
Q

As oxygen binds, hemoglobin affinity of oxygen _____.

A

increases

148
Q

As oxygen is released, hemoglobin affinity for oxygen ______.

A

decreases

149
Q

What causes a left shift to occur in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

decreased carbon dioxide

150
Q

What causes a right shift to occur in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

increased carbon dioxide

151
Q

What are the six digestive processes?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical breakdown
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
152
Q

Where does absorption chiefly take place>

A

small intestine

153
Q

What occurs at the brush border

A

carbohydrate and protein digestion

154
Q

What role does the pancreas play in the digestive system?

A

produces digestive juices and insulin

155
Q

What role does the liver play in the digestive system?

A

makes and secretes bile

156
Q

Where does water reabsorption take place?

A

proximal tubule and descending limb

157
Q

How does ADH impact urine production at the collecting duct?

A

causes principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins

158
Q

As ADH levels increase, ________ in water reabsorption.

A

increase

159
Q

Aquaporins are always present in

A

the pct

160
Q

Aquaporins are inserted in collecting ducts only if

A

ADH is present

161
Q

Meiosis is

A

cell division producing gametes

162
Q

Gonads produce

A

haploid gametes

163
Q

LH spikes at

A

midcycle

164
Q

After ovulation, estrogen levels

A

decline

165
Q

LH from the pituitary activates ______, the corpus luteum then secretes _______.

A

ovulation; progesterone

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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