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ANAT241 > MSK6 L19 - Gait Cycle > Flashcards

MSK6 L19 - Gait Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

During what activity is there no period of double support?

A

running

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2
Q

what is float/aerial phase?

A

during running when both feet are not on the ground

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3
Q

what muscles primarily keep us upright when standing?

2

A

extensor muscles of the back and plantarflexors

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4
Q

what do the knees do when standing?

A

knees are ‘locked’ so all ligaments are taut

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5
Q

T or F?
the centre of gravity is anterior to the ankle joint when standing

A

True, people tend to fall forward but plantarflexors counteract the natural ‘fall’

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6
Q

from standing what to do the plantarflexors do when initiating the gait cycle?

A

relax

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7
Q

What are the 4 phases of gait?

A
  1. heel-strike
  2. support
  3. toe off
  4. swing

1-3 = stance, 4 = swing

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8
Q

What position are the ankle, knee and hip in during heel-strike (front foot)?

A
  • ankle joint is dorsiflexed
  • knee is extended
  • hip is flexed
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9
Q

What muscles are acting on the hip, knee and ankle during heel-strike?

A
  • ankle = tibialis anterior
  • knee = quadriceps
  • hip = iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius
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10
Q

What function does the hip joint have during heel strike?

A

shock absorption

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11
Q

What function does the hip joint have during mid stance? What muscles are being used?

A

maintains limb and trunk stability

hip abductors = glute meds, mins, TFL

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12
Q

What function does the hip joint have during late stance?

A

accelerate the body

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13
Q

What function does the hip joint have during mid swing? What muscles cause this?

A

foot clearance off the ground, iliopsoas, rectus femoris

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14
Q

What function does the hip joint have during late swing?

A

decelerate the body
hip extensors contract to decelerate the forward movement

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15
Q

high heels put increased pressure on what joints during stance?

A

metatarso-phalangeal

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16
Q

what is metatarsalgia?

A

pain in the ball of the foot

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17
Q

what two actions are increased when walking in high heels and at what phase?

A

knee flexion and plantarflexion at heel strike

18
Q

Why does walking in high heels make you fatigue faster?

A

increase muscle activities

19
Q

where does the shock go when walking in high heels in heel strike?

A

metatarsals instead of calcaneus

20
Q

what function does the ankle joint have at heel strike? what muscles cause it?

A

shock absorption, initial impact deceleration
dorsiflexors contract to lower foot to the ground

21
Q

what function does the ankle joint have at mid stance? what muscles cause this?

A

movement forward
dorsiflexors contract to pull tibia forwards over the foot, then gravity and momentum cause you to move forward

22
Q

what function does the ankle joint have at late stance? what muscles cause this?

A

accelerates the body forward
plantarflexors = triceps surae
for toe-off

23
Q

what function does the ankle joint have at mid swing? what muscles cause this?

A

foot clearance off the ground
dorsiflexors = tibialis anterior
toe extensors = extensor hallicus longus, extensor digitorum longus

24
Q

what function does the ankle joint have at late swing?

A

deceleration in preparation for stance phase
dorsiflexors and toes extensors ensure foot is in optimal position for heel strike

25
Q

What happens to the muscles with age?

A

they get weaker/atrophy

26
Q

What happens to the muscles with age?

A

they get weaker/atrophy

27
Q

What changes occur to the posture with age?

A

flexed posture in lower limb during standing, flexed neck

28
Q

Does balance get better or worse with age?

A

balance gets worse/becomes compromised as muscles get weaker

29
Q

What happens to gait speed and time at each stage of gait with age?

A

gait is slower, stride length is decreased
increased stance time, more time in double stance, less propulsive forces developed

30
Q

What is ADT?

A

Androgen Deprivation Therapy is a kind of hormone therapy often used to treat prostate cancer

31
Q

What are side effects of ADT in men?

A

muscle atrophy and increased fat

32
Q

What affects does leg muscle atrophy have?

4

A
  • reduced muscle force
  • step width increases
  • forward acceleration decreases
  • at risk of falling and bone fracture
33
Q

What affects does muscle atrophy have?

4

A
  • reduced muscle force
  • step width increases
  • forward acceleration decreases
  • at risk of falling and bone fracture
34
Q

What affects does muscle atrophy have?

4

A
  • reduced muscle force
  • step width increases
  • forward acceleration decreases
  • at risk of falling and bone fracture
35
Q

What effects are casued by damage to the superior gluteal nerve?

A

unable to maintain pelvis level during single leg stance (contralateral drop)

36
Q

What effects are casued by damage to the superior gluteal nerve?

A

unable to maintain pelvis level during single leg stance (contralateral drop)

37
Q

What effects are casued by damage to the superior gluteal nerve?

A

unable to maintain pelvis level during single leg stance (contralateral drop)

38
Q

how does the body compensate for a contralateral drop?

A

the hip drops so trunk flexes to the opposite side to balance centre of mass when walking so lateral trunk flexion is the compensation movement

39
Q

What effects are caused by damaged anterior leg muscles?

A

weak dorsiflexion, toes don’t clear during swing, foot slap/foot drop after heel-strike

40
Q

What effects are caused by damaged anterior leg muscles?

A

weak dorsiflexion, toes don’t clear during swing, foot slap/foot drop after heel-strike

41
Q

how does the body compensate for foot slap/foot drop?

A

knee raised high during swing in order to clear the ground and bring the foot up

ANAT241 (18 decks)

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