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ANAT241 > L8 - Epithelia > Flashcards

L8 - Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

what does it mean if an epithelial cell has a large nucleus?

A

it may produce a lot of protein

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2
Q

what are epithelial tissues main functions? 2

A

protective barrier and absorption and secretion

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3
Q

what cellular junctions are occluding? where are they found?

A

tight junctions (zonula occludens), found apically at the cell

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4
Q

what cellular junctions are anchoring? 3

A

zonula adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

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5
Q

what do zonula adherens do?

A

link cells together by the actin cytoskeleton

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6
Q

what do desmosomes do?

A

anchor cells together

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7
Q

what do hemidesmosomes do?

A

anchor cells to the basement membrane

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8
Q

what cellular junctions are for communicating? how so?

A

gap junctions, allow for small molecules to travel in between the gaps

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9
Q

what are zonula occludens (tight junctions) transmembrane proteins?

A

occludin and claudin

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10
Q

what do different claudins cause?

A

different permeabilities in different tissues

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11
Q

what effect does claudin-16 have on the kidney?

A

makes only specific regions are permeable to Mg2+ ions

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12
Q

what effect does a mutation inclaudin-16 gene have on the kidney?

A

causes abnormal claudin-16 resulting in junction impermeable to ions and so low Mg2+ reabsorption back into the blood

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13
Q

what conditions can be caused by mutated or faulty claudins? 3

A

magnesium deficiency, kidney damage/renal failure, dehydration via skin

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14
Q

what is claudin-1 responsible for?

A

waterproofing qualities of the skin

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15
Q

what is zonula adherens (adherens junction) main transmembrane protein?

A

E-cadherins

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16
Q

what disease is linked to the loss of E-cadherins?

A

metastasis of cancer cells

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17
Q

what kind of cancerous cells have lower levels of E-cadherin expression?

A

malignant

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18
Q

desmosomes also called?

A

macula adherens

19
Q

how do desmosomes anchor cells together?

A

link cytoskeletons of adjacent cells by connecting cytokeratin (intermediate filaments)

20
Q

what is a desmosomes main transmembrane protein? example?

A

cadherins e.g. desmoglein

21
Q

what is pemphigus vulgaris?

A

an autoimmune disease

22
Q

what do antibodies attack if you have pemphigus vulgaris disease?

A

desmoglein 3

23
Q

what happens to your skin cells when you have pemphigus vulgaris?

A

cells fall apart, skin sloughs off

24
Q

cadherins are important for…

A

maintaining structural integrity of epithelium

25
Q

where are hemidesmosomes found in the cell?

A

basal surface of cell

26
Q

what do hemidesmosomes bind to?

A

cytokeratin

27
Q

what are hemidesmosomes main transmembrane proteins?

A

integrins

28
Q

what are gap junctions main transmembrane proteins?

A

connexins

29
Q

what is a connexon?

A

when a connexin forms a channel that can open/close to allow passage of ions and small molecules

30
Q

epithelial tissue is polarised and linked as sheets through…

A

lateral junctions

31
Q

specialisations are linked to ___ of the cell?

A

polarity

32
Q

what does microvilli provide?

A

increased surface area

33
Q

what makes up the core of microvilli?

A

parallel actin bundles

34
Q

what are non-motile cilia function?

A

sensory information, protection

35
Q

what are motile cilia function?

A

beat in rhythm to move substances across surface of epithelium

36
Q

example of motile cilia

A

respiratory tract

37
Q

what is cilia’s cytoskeleton composed of?

A

a core of microtubules

38
Q

what is the basement membranes structural role?

A

binds epithelial cells to connective tissue

39
Q

both epithelia and connective tissue excrete molecules that come together to form what?

A

basement membrane

40
Q

what is the basement membrane’s structure?

A

sheet-like arrangement of ECM proteins

41
Q

why does epithelia allow nutrients to pass through?

A

because epithelia isn’t vascularised

42
Q

what does the basement membrane do? 2

A

regulates permeability, controls growth and direction

43
Q

what three layers of basement membrane can be seen under electron microscopy? how are these layers distinguished?

A

lamina lucida - quite clear, lucid
lamina densa (aka basal lamina) - denser, easer to see
lamina fibroreticularis

44
Q

what does basal folding do?

A

increases surface area on basal surface of cell

ANAT241 (18 decks)

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