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IB Biology SL > 1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells > Flashcards

1.2: Ultrastructure of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Are unicellular organisms

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Are unicellular organisms

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3
Q

Cell Structure of Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have two specific domains:
- Eubacteria= peptidoglycan in cell walls
cannot survive in extreme environments

-Archaebacteria= no peptidoglycan in cell walls
live in extreme environments

They both have no nuclei
Are unicellular
Have ribosomes
And have no membrane organelles

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4
Q

Ultrastructure of Prokaryotes
1.

A

Cell Wall:
Encloses the cell and helps it maintain its shape
- prevents it from bursting into hypotonic media

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Surrounds the cell
Controls the movement of substances in and out the cell

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Is the site of all metabolic reactions
Fills the cell

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7
Q

Pili

A

Protein filament that helps with adhesion and the transfer of DNA between two cells

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8
Q

70S ribosome

A

the site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

Nucleoid

A

Includes naked DNA
Controls all the activities of the cell

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10
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA carrying a small number of genes, which give the cell antibiotic resistance and are used in creating genetically modified bacteria.

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11
Q

Flagella

A

responsible for the locomotion of the cell. whip-like structure

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12
Q

Binary fission

A

The mode of reproduction of bacteria
Means of asexual reproduction of prokaryotes

Steps involved:
-the chromosome replicated semi-conservatively, beginning at the point of origin
-the 2 copies of DNA move to the opposite ends of the cell
-the cell wall elongates
-the plasma membrane grows inward and pinches off to form two separate, genetically identical cells

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13
Q

Eukaryotes

A

are organisms:
whose cell has a nucleus
with complex cells; the genetic material is isolated from the cytoplasm by the nucleus

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14
Q

Cell Structure of Eukaryotes

A

Divided into 4 main kingdoms:
- Protista= multicellular organisms without specialised tissue
-Fungi=have a cell wall made of chitin
obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption
-Plantae= have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition from photosynthesis
-Animalia= no cell wall and obtain nutrition from via heterotrophic ingestion

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15
Q

Ultrastructure of Eukaryotes
1. Mitochandrion(dria)

A

The site of cellular respiration and where ATP is generated.

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16
Q

80S ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis
free ribosomes produce proteins used inside the cell

17
Q

80S ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis
free ribosomes produce proteins used inside the cell

18
Q

Nucleus

A

controls all activities in the cell
such as reproduction of unicellular organisms

19
Q

Nucleolus

A

found inside the nucleus
involved in the production of ribosomes

20
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(sER)

A

responsible for producing and storing lipids
eg. steroids.

21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages and processes proteins
released by the Golgi vesicles

22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes and play important roles in the destruction of microbes engulfed by white blood cells, as well as in the destruction of old cellular organelles. ABSENT FROM PLANT CELLS

23
Q

Centrioles

A

ABSENT FROM PLANT CELLS
play an important part in nuclear division by creating the microtubules

24
Q

Vacuoles

A

Helps in the osmotic balance and storage of substances in the cell

25
Q

Cell wall

A

Prevents the cell from bursting into hypotonic media
Maintains cell shape
ABSENT IN ANIMAL CELLS

26
Q

Chloroplasts

A

ABSENT IN ANIMAL CELLS
contain pigments(chlorophyll) used in photosynthesis
are double membrane-bound organelles

27
Q

Glands

A

are organs in the human/animal body that secrete chemical substnces for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

28
Q

Glands

A

are organs in the human/animal body that secrete chemical substnces for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

29
Q

Types of glands

A

Exocrine=release their secretions into ducts which carry them away

Endocrine= release their secretions directly into the bloodstream

IB Biology SL (6 decks)

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