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biology final > digestive system and nutrition > Flashcards

digestive system and nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

a long hallow tube consisting of accessory glands to release secretions

begins at the mouth and continues through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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2
Q

lumen

A

the hollow area of the tube through which food and fluids travel

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3
Q

4 basic layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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4
Q

mucosa

A

the innermost layer
mucus secreting to lubricate the lumen

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5
Q

submucosa

A

3rd layer
consists of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

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6
Q

muscalaris

A

2nd layer
responsible for movement of materials through the GI tract and for mixing

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7
Q

serosa

A

1st layer
thin layer of epithelial tissue supportive by connective tissue

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8
Q

saliva

A

salivary glands releasing their secretions

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9
Q

salivary amylase

A

an enzyme that begins to chemically digest starches into shorter chains of sugar

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10
Q

pharynx

A

the passageway commonly called the throat
shared by the respiratory and digestive systems

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11
Q

esophagus

A

the tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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12
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of muscle contraction used to push food along the the esophagus and the rest of the GI

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13
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac

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14
Q

three important functions of the stomach

A
  1. storing food and regulating the release of the food to the small intestine
    2.liquefying food
  2. carrying out the initial chemical digestion of proteins
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15
Q

chyme

A

mechanical digestion that is mixed with secretions produced by the glands of the stomach into a soupy mixture

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16
Q

gastric glands

A

containing several types of secretory cells

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17
Q

pepsin

A

a protein splitting, digesting enzyme

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18
Q

two major functions of the small intestine

A

chemical digestion and absorption

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19
Q

duodenum

A

the first region of the small intestine that receives chyme from the stomach and digestive juices from the pancreas and liver

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20
Q

bile

A

a mixture of water, ions, cholesterol, bile pigments, and bile salts
plays a role in mechanical digestion

produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and acts in the small intestine

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21
Q

villi

A

small fingerlike projections on the small intestine walls that increase surface area for absorption

22
Q

lacteal

A

lymphatic vessel in an intestine villus that aids in absorption of lipids

23
Q

pancreas

A

an accessory organ behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate blood sugar

24
Q

liver

A

the largest organ in the body that has metabolic and regulatory rules

25
Q

gallbladder

A

a muscular pear shaped sac that stores, modifies, and and concentrates bile

26
Q

large intestine

A

final segment of the gastrointestinal tract
plays a role in defecation

27
Q

cecum

A

a pouch that hangs below the junction of the small and large intestines
the appendix extends from the cecum

28
Q

appendix

A

a slender closed pouch that extends from the large intestine near the juncture with the small intestine

29
Q

colon

A

division of the large intestine

30
Q

three colons

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

31
Q

rectum

A

receives and temporarily stores the feces

32
Q

anal canal

A

the canal between the rectum and the anus

33
Q

nutrient

A

a substance in food that provides energy
essential for growth and function

34
Q

lipid

A

a compound that does not dissolve in water

35
Q

fat

A

consists of glycerol and three fatty acids

36
Q

low density lipoproteins

A

a protein carrier in the blood that transports cholesterol into the cells
often called the bad form of cholesterol

37
Q

high density of lipoproteins

A

i lipoprotein made in the liver and released into the blood that transports cholesterol away from the cells to the liver
good form of cholesterol

38
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches that provide fuel for the human body

39
Q

dietary fiber

A

nondigestible carbohydrate part of plant foods that form support structures and important for heart and colon health

40
Q

glycemic response

A

a measure that describes how quickly a serving of food is converted into blood sugar and how much the level of blood sugar is effected

41
Q

protein

A

consists of one or more chains of amino acids

42
Q

essential amino acids

A

any of the 9 amino acids the body cannot synthesize and therefore must be supplied in the diet

43
Q

complete proteins

A

contains ample amount of all the essential amino acids
animal sources are generally complete proteins

44
Q

incomplete proteins

A

proteins that are deficient in one or more essential amino acids
plant sources are generally incomplete proteins

45
Q

complementary proteins

A

combining incomplete proteins to complete your protein intake

46
Q

vitamin

A

organic compound essential for health and growth

47
Q

mineral

A

inorganic substances that are not broken down during digestion and are important in regulating cellular processes

48
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

minimum energy required to keep an awake resting body alive

49
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

deliberate self starvation

50
Q

bullimia nervosa

A

binge eating followed by purging

biology final (9 decks)

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