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PDHPE > Health Priorities: How are priority issues for australias health identified? > Flashcards

Health Priorities: How are priority issues for australias health identified? Flashcards

1
Q

what health problems does australia experience?

A
  • cardiovascular health
  • cancer control
  • mental health
  • diabetes
  • asthma
  • arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
  • dementia
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2
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the study of diseases in populations

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3
Q

what can epidemiology be used for

A
  • to gain insight into the health status of a population
  • identify patters of health and disease
  • analyse how health services and facilities are being used
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4
Q

who uses epidemiology

A

policy developers
researchers
government and health departments
health organisations
manufacturers of health products
health services eg. doctors

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5
Q

in what way does epidemiology consider patterns of disease

A
  • prevalence
  • incidence
  • distribution
  • apparent causes
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6
Q

what is prevalence

A

number of cases of diease in a population at a specific time

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7
Q

what is incidence

A

number of new cases of diseases occurring in a population

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8
Q

what is incidence

A

number of new cases of diseases occurring in a population

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9
Q

what is distribution

A

the extent of a disease

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10
Q

what are apparent causes

A

determinants and indicatorsq

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11
Q

what can epidemiology tell us

A

obtains a picture of the health status of a population,
to identify patterns of health and disease
analyse how health services are being used

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12
Q

who uses these measures

A

government
doctors
researchers
manufactures
health organisations eg. NSW cancer council

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13
Q

do they measure everything about health status

A

can determine- circumstances surrounding a person a persons admission and discharge
cant determine- the number of people not seeking medical attention for help with their health issue

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14
Q

what are limitations of epidemiology

A
  • can be bias
  • doesnt study quality of life
  • doesnt tell us about variations amongst sub populations eg. atsi
  • effect on mental health
  • why health inequities persist
  • doesnt account for health determinants; social, economic, environmental and cultural factors
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15
Q

what is mortality

A

umber of deaths in a group or from a disease over a specific time period (usually a year).

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16
Q

what is infant mortality

A

number of infant deaths in first year of life, per 1000 live births. Considered most important health measure of a nation.

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17
Q

what is morbidity

A

incidence or level of disease, illness or injury in a given population. It gives a broader view of the nations health.

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18
Q

what is life expectancy

A

the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current death rates. life expectancy of birth is a common indicator of heath status and can be used to show improvements in the nations health.

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19
Q

how much has life expectancy increased between 1990 and 2020

A

5 years in females

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20
Q

what is the biggest killer in men

A

coronary heart disease, second is dementia

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21
Q

what is the biggest and second biggest killer in women

A

dementia, then coronary heart disease

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22
Q

are deaths per 100 000 population increasing or decreasing

A

decreasing

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23
Q

are the mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases declining or increasing

A

declining

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24
Q

why are overall mortality rates experiencing such a large decline

A

increases in technology eg. immunisations

widespread info on health activities that are detrimental to health eg. smoking, improvement in roads

improvements in disease detection

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25
Q

are overall infant mortality rates increasing or decreasing

A

slow steady decline

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26
Q

are indigenous infant mortality rates increasing or decreasing

A

is steeply decreasing

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27
Q

is life expectancy increasing or decreasing

A

increasing

28
Q

what is the current life expectancy for women

A

85

29
Q

what is the current life expectancy for males

A

81

30
Q

why are women less likely to have cardiovascualar disease

A

they have less fat surrounding their organs

31
Q

why do ATSI have a lower life expectancy than non-aboriginal people

A

they tend to come from lower SES backgrounds, meaning they have less access to healthcare, lower education meaning they have less health literacy

32
Q

what is morbidity

A

illness, disease or poor health

33
Q

what are indicators of morbidity

A

hospital use- a
visits to the doctor and medicare statistics
health reports
disability
prevalence
incidence

34
Q

what are the major causes of chronic conditions in australia

A

tobacco use
obesity
dietary issues
high blood pressure
alcohol use

35
Q

why is life expectancy increasing

A

improvements in technology
access to food and water
improved lifestyle and exercise
improved hygiene

36
Q

what is life expectancy for non-ATSI and ATSi males

A

non- 81.2
ATSI- 71.6

37
Q

what is life expectancy for non-ATSI and ATSi females

A

non- 85.3
ATSI- 75.6

38
Q

what is australias life expecatancy global ranking

A

5

39
Q

is morbidity increasing or decreasing

A

increasing

40
Q

what is the main cause of mortality- and is it decreasing or increasing

A

cardio heart disease and its decreasing

41
Q

what are the 3 social justice principles

A

equity. eg. focusing on ATSI
diversity eg. medicare- available to everyone
supportive environments eg. flying docs

42
Q

why are the social justice principles vital in identifying priority health issues

A

if the priority issue reflects social justice principles there will be an improvement of overall health status

43
Q

what are priority population groups

A

indigenous/atsi
low socieconomic status
rural/remote poeple

44
Q

why does knowing priority population groups help identify priotity health issues

A

by identifying at risk population groups, goverment health care expenditure and health promotion can be directed towards these groups

45
Q

what is prevalence of condition

A

how common a condition is within the community

46
Q

why does knowing prevalence of condition help identify priority health issues

A

highly prevalent conditions are a priority health issues as they place a large health and economic burden on the community. reducing prevalence reduces this burden
eg. CHD- coronary heart disease

47
Q

how would you do early intervention/what is it

A

technology/self examination

48
Q

what is prevention/how do you do it

A

behaviours/lifestyles to prevent eg. not smoking, healthy eating

49
Q

why does potential for prevention and early intervention help identify health issue

A

changing the behavioural, social and environmental determinants greatly decreases burden on society as it reduces chances of it and dectecting it early eg. breast cancedr

50
Q

what is the cost to individual

A

cost of treatment, lost working hours, emotional and mental cost, loss of life

51
Q

what is the cost to community

A

australia spent $202.5 billion on health

52
Q

why is knowing cost to individual and community vital in identifying priority health issues

A

to prevent them from losing employment status and consequently place a financial strain on families q

53
Q

what role do the principles of social justice play

A

equity, diversity and supportive environments
aim to eliminate inequity in health by promoting diversity and environment that accomodate all needs

54
Q

why is it important to prioritise health issues

A

important in determining targeted health care and promotion to reduce health inequities/ these groups include

55
Q

what is equity

A

resourced allocated in accordance with the needs of individuals and populations with the desired goal of equality of outcomes

eg. ATSI are more likely to suffer from disease, therefore the ‘close the gap’ campaign provides additional resourcs

56
Q

what id diversity

A

diversity comprises of the differences among individuals and groups

eg. health info on breast cancer comes in a variety of languages on pamphlets and notice boards

57
Q

what are supportive environments

A

environments where people live, work and play that protect people from threats to health and that increase their ability to make health-promoting choices

eg. RFDS create a supportive environment in rural areas

58
Q

what are priority population groups

A

ATSI, SE disadvantaged people, people in remote/rural ares, overseas born people and PWD

59
Q

what are the 5 most common diseases causing burden on societ

A

cancer, musculoskeletal conditions, cardiovascular diseases, mental health conditions and substance abuse disorders

60
Q

why are people less healthy the further away from the city they are located

A

lack of resources, distance to medical centres, and a lower socioeconomic status

61
Q

what is prevalance of a condition

A

how common a condition is within the society

62
Q

how does prevalence of a condition contribute to identifying priority health issues + example

A

conditions with higher prevalence are chosen as they place larger health and economic burden on the community- targeting them reduces the burden

eg. cardiovascular disease is a priority issue due to high prevalence (leading cause of death)

63
Q

how does potential for prevention and early intervention contribute to identifying priority health issues + example

A

lifestyle behaviours can prevent many diseases eg. smoking + lung cancer, exercising and balanced diet + cardiovascular disease

64
Q

why is prevention and early intervention difficult to achieve for many australians

A

social and envrionmental factors eg. access to mammograms for people from isolated areas, media pressure to drink

65
Q

what are indirect and direct costs to the individual

A

direct: measured through financial means eg. cost of treatment, cost of lost working hours/replacement labour

indirect: includes financial, physical, social, emotional and mental costs as well eg. depression

66
Q

what are indirect and direct costs to the community

A

Direct: in 2019-20, australia spent 202.5 billion on health, which was a 1.7% growth from the prev. year.
this was below average of the past 5 years, which is a 2.7% increase

indirect: loss of workplace productivity, travel costs of patients, cost of caring for an ill person at home

67
Q

what is the overall trend for costs to individual and community

A

steady increase in direct health costs

PDHPE (13 decks)

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