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Science for Paramedics 2 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genome

A

All the genetic material in a cell

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2
Q

What is a chromatin

A

The genetic material of a cell consisting of DNA, proteins and some RNA

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have

A

46

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4
Q

A cell with 23 paired chromosomes is called what

A

A diploid

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5
Q

What is a haploid

A

Gametes (spermatozoa and ova) with only half of the normal complement, i.e. 23 chromosomes instead of 46.

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6
Q

What are chromosomes that belong to the same pair called

A

Homologous chromosomes

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7
Q

What is a karyotype

A

The complete set of chromosomes from a cell

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8
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins

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9
Q

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes collectively known as?

A

Autosomes

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10
Q

What are the pair 23 chromosomes known as and what do they determine.

A

They are sex chromosomes are determine the individuals gender

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11
Q

What gender carries the Y chromosome

A

Male

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12
Q

What gender is a child with 2 X chromosomes known as

A

Female

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13
Q

What are genes

A

Genes are the cell’s hereditary units that control cellular structure and direct cellular activities.

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14
Q

How many genes are there is a single chromosome

A

25000-30000

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15
Q

What DNA made up of

A

Two chains of nucleotides

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16
Q

Nucleotides consist of 3 subunits, what are these?

A

A sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

17
Q

There are A,T,C,G binds in a DNA (in the middle) that bind together? What do the A binds bind to and ETC

A

A binds to T
C binds to G

18
Q

What are do the A,T,C,G, binds stand for

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

19
Q

What maintain the 3D coiled shape of DNA

A

Histones

20
Q

What does mutation mean

A

Mutation means an inheritable alteration in the normal genetic make-up of a cell.

21
Q

What are some external factors that can cause mutation

A

X-Rays
Ultraviolet rays
Exposure to certain chemicals

22
Q

Mutation facts revision card

A

Most mutations are immediately repaired by enzymes present in the cell nucleus, and therefore cause no permanent problems.

However, sometimes the mutation is lethal, because it disrupts some essential cellular functions, causing cell death.

Often, the mutated cell is detected by immune cells and destroyed because it is abnormal.

23
Q

Some mutations do not kill the cell but instead alter its function in a way that can cause disease, what is an example of this.

A

Cancer

24
Q

How many amino acids are the building block of human proteins.

A

About 20 different amino acids

25
Q

What is mRNA

A

As the cell’s DNA is too big to leave the nucleus, an intermediary molecule is needed to carry the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are made. This is called messenger (mRNA)

26
Q

What is gene expression

A

a gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein.

27
Q

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis

A

The protein synthesis process consists of 2 steps: transcription and translation.

28
Q

What is the transcription stage of protein synthesis

A

The information encoded in a specific region of DNA is transcribed (copied) to produce a specific molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid).

29
Q

What is the translation stage of protein synthesis

A

During translation, the RNA attaches to a ribosome, where the information contained in RNA is translated into a corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule

30
Q

What is meiosis

A

The division of 23 chromosomes in each sex chromosome coming together in fertilisation, creating a diploid amount of chromosomes.

31
Q

How many divisions are there in mitosis

A

1

32
Q

How many divisions are there in meiosis

A

2

33
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

A dominant allele is an allele that dominates or masks the presence of another allele and is fully expressed, and the trait expressed is called a dominant trait.

34
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

The allele whose presence is completely masked is said to be a recessive allele, and the trait it controls is called a recessive trait.

35
Q

What table is used to summarise all the alleles?

A

Punnet squares

36
Q

How many genes does the Y chromosome have

A

about 200

37
Q

How many genes does the X chromosome have

A

about 2000

38
Q

When is sex of the baby determined

A

Sex is determined at the time of fertilization by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome in the sperm.

Thus, an individual’s sex is determined by the father’s chromosomes

Science for Paramedics 2 (12 decks)

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