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Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations > Demographics & Social Structure > Flashcards

Demographics & Social Structure Flashcards

1
Q

In-group

A

Group to which an individual identifies or belongs
Other in-group members viewed favorably

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2
Q

Out-group

A

Group to which an individual does not identify or belong
Out-group members viewed unfavorably

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3
Q

Reference group

A

Comparison group to which an individual compares self
Individual may or may not belong to this group

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4
Q

Primary group

A

Group of individuals who are emotionally close
Smaller in size, high degree of interaction (eg, family)

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5
Q

Secondary group

A

Group of individuals who comes together to accomplish something
Larger in size, more impersonal (eg, coworkers)

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6
Q

Determinants of individual health

A

Physical, social, & economic environments and lifestyle

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7
Q

Ambient stressors

A

Include anything in the environment that causes a physiologically or psychologically negative reaction such as noise, pollution, bad smells, flashing lights, etc
Can promote chronically elevated cortisol levels, which have been correlated to poorer health

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8
Q

Environmental injustice

A

When lower-income areas are subjected to more environmental risk factors

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9
Q

McDonaldization (social process)

A

Describes when rationalization, the replacement of traditional practices with predictable logical rules, is valued as the main tenet of society

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10
Q

Sampling bias

A

Occurs when nonrandom subject selection produces a sample that inaccurately reflects the population from which it was drawn

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11
Q

Role strain

A

Competing expectations within a single role create tension

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12
Q

Role conflict

A

Competing expectations for two or more roles create tension

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13
Q

Role exit

A

Individual disengages from a social role, often replacing it with a new social role

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14
Q

Normative organization

A

Membership is based on shared goals and/or values

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15
Q

Utilitarian organization

A

Membership is driven by compensation

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16
Q

Coercive organization

A

Membership is not freely chosen and/or maintained

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17
Q

Intersectionality

A

Describes how individuals hold multiple, interconnected, marginalized social identities (eg, gender, race, age) that impact their lives, perspectives, and treatment in society

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18
Q

Racialization

A

The process by which one group designates another group with a racial identity, often based on shared group qualities, such as physical attributes or behaviors

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19
Q

Social loafing

A

Occurs when an individual expends less effort when working as part of a group than when working alone

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20
Q

Structural functionalism

A

A macro-level sociological perspective that compares modern society to a biological organism
Manifest functions: intended, obvious purpose of a social structure
Latent functions: unintended result of a social structure

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21
Q

Intragenerational social mobility

A

Occurs within a single generation
Horizontal (same social status) or vertical (up or down in social status)

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22
Q

Intergenerational social mobility

A

Occurs over multiple generations

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23
Q

Social constructionism

A

Social actors define what is real
Knowledge about world based on interactions

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24
Q

Rational choice/social exchange

A

Individual behaviors & interactions attempt to maximize personal gain & minimize personal cost

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25
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Meaning & value attached to symbols
Individual interactions based on these symbols

26
Q

Frustration-aggression theory

A

Contends that individuals exhibit violence as a result of having a goal or effort blocked or defeated

27
Q

Class consciousness

A

Involves the recognition of class structure and an identification with one’s own social class such that individuals understand that people from other classes have needs and interests different from their own

28
Q

False consciousness

A

Results when individuals from lower classes adopt the misleading views of the upper class and accept the status quo

29
Q

Secularization

A

Reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines

30
Q

Modernization

A

Reduced importance of religion as society industrializes

31
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization

32
Q

Religiosity

A

Incorporation of religion into an individual’s life

33
Q

Traditional authority

A

Comes from longstanding patterns in society

34
Q

Charismatic authority

A

Stems from the personal appeal and/or extraordinary claims of an individual

35
Q

Rational-legal authority

A

Arises from the professional position a person holds

36
Q

Ethnography

A

Qualitative methods for the scientific study of human social phenomena; studying people in their natural environments

37
Q

Content analysis

A

Involves the systematic coding and interpretation of human communication for research

38
Q

Social movement

A

Long-term collective action toward a social goal, which is meant to produce a social change

39
Q

Consanguineal

A

Based on genetic relationship (eg, biological parents)

40
Q

Affinal

A

Based on marriage (eg, spouses)

41
Q

Fictive

A

Social ties that are not consanguineal or affinal (eg, adopted children)

42
Q

Spatial inequality

A

Results from the uneven distribution of wealth and resources across a geographic area

43
Q

Social support

A

Studies suggest that those with strong social support networks tend to have better health, possibly because social support lessens the impact of stress

44
Q

Theories of development: personality

A

Freud: psychosexual (5 stages, unresolved childhood conflict impacts adult personality)
Erikson: psychosocial (8 stages, unresolved crisis at any age impacts adult personality)

45
Q

Theories of development: cognition

A

Vygotsky: sociocultural cognitive (child’s cognitive development based on social interaction)
Piaget: cognitive (four universal stages of childhood cognitive development, cognitive development is based on age)

46
Q

Theories of development: morality

A

Kohlberg: moral (6 stages of lifespan moral development, most individuals do not progress past stage 3 or 4)

47
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Occurs when a belief about oneself causes behavior that makes belief come true

48
Q

Attributional biases

A

Just world phenomenon, fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias

49
Q

Teacher expectancy effect

A

Describes what occurs when a teacher’s preconceived ideas about a student result in student performance that ultimately meets the teacher’s expectations

50
Q

Sick role theory

A

Rights: (1) exemption from normal social roles & responsibilities (2) lack of accountability for illness
Obligations: (1) must attempt to get well (2) must seek & comply with treatment

51
Q

Bipolar disorder (BD)

A

Characterized by mania, defined as abnormally elevated or irritable mood and increased energy
Symptoms: feelings of sadness or hopelessness, lack of interest in activities, sleep disturbances, and frequent thoughts of death or suicide

52
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Characterized by instability with mood, sense of self, and relationships
Symptoms: extreme mood reactivity, fear of abandonment, impulsive or reckless behavior, and suicidal or self-harming behaior

53
Q

The biomedical approach to mental illness

A

Suggests that physiological causes result in psychological symptoms, and therefore medical treatment is advised to fix the underlying problem

54
Q

Availability heuristic

A

How easily something comes to memory

55
Q

Representative heuristic

A

How well something matches a mental prototype

56
Q

Major sociological approaches to aging

A
  1. Activity: remaining physically and socially active
  2. Continuity: older adults attempt to maintain the habits and behaviors from their youth
  3. Disengagement: older adults withdraw from social relationships/society as society withdraws from them
  4. Life course: aging viewed holistically in terms of social, biological, cultural, & psychological contexts
57
Q

The dependency ratio

A

The proportion of unproductive (ie, too old or too young) to productive (working-age) members in a society

58
Q

Demographic transition model

A

Refers to the transition of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates and occurs in 5 stages

59
Q

Social exclusion

A

Inability to participate:
Economically (income earner or consumer), socially (limited/no interaction with others in society), civically (community and political involvement)

60
Q

Social stratification

A

Social class (economic assets)
Social status (prestige)
Power (ability to exert control over the actions of others)

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations (5 decks)

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