Exam #2 Social Development Theories Flashcards
Freud overview
behavior is driven by the need to satisfy drives and motives
largely unconscious influences
first “truly” developmental theory
Freud lasting contributions
role of early experience
subjectivity of experience
existence of unconscious processes
emotional relationships as key to development
psychosexual development: drive reduction theory
behavior is driven by a need to satisfy basic drives - sex and aggressions
psychosexual development: stages
driven by the dominance of different erogenous zones, ,means of aggressive outlet
psychosexual development: fixation
fixations from past stages that linger and come out during times of high stress
unhealthy behaviors that were appropriate for a different stage
psychosexual development: oral stage (birth to 1 year)
erogenous zone: mouth - pleasure because separate from need for nutrition
aggression: biting
challenges: over or under-fulfillment of needs
fixation: orally dominated habits - biting nails, sucking thumb past acceptable age, smoking, binge eating, chewing gum
psychosexual development: anal stage (1-3 years)
erogenous zone: anus
aggression: withholding “gifts” or producing them inappropriately
challenges: developing self-control
fixation: obsession with control, either end of the cleanliness spectrum (anal retentive or ana expulsive)
psychosexual development: phallic stage (3-6 years)
erogenous zone: external genital organs
aggression: physical aggression to others
challenges: negotiating the Oedipus/Electra complex
fixation: feelings of inadequacy, excessive masturbation
major achievement: identification with same-sex parent
psychosexual development: latency stage (6-12)
erogenous zone: too much, pushed to the unconscious, too threatening
aggression: need to excel
challenges: developing mastery of new skills
psychosexual development: genital stage (12 and up)
stage of sexual maturity
aggression: expressed in a wide variety of ways
challenges: developing healthy adult sexual relationships
defense mechanisms: particular ways to respond to stressful ways (humor to cope, projecting)
Freud structure of the personality: id
present from early in the first year:
- pleasure principle: satisfying the primal urges
- pleasure seeking
- primal urges (sexual and aggressive)
Freud structure of the personality: ego
late in first year and into adulthood
- the reality principle: what can one realistically do in a situation
- rational problem solving
- mediation of id impulses
- the “I” of the subjective experience
- part we present to the world
- continues to develop into gential stage
Freud structure of the personality: superego
begins to develop between 3-6
- internalization of parental control
- internal moral standard
- result of resolution of Oedipus complex
- conscience
- inhibition of id impulses
- continues to develop well into genital stage
Freud levels of conscious
unconscious - below surfce of awareness
preconscious - don’t have access yet but could
conscious - access
Erikson overview
series of age-related developmental tasks
must achieve success in each stage for healthy development
relationships are central to all aspects of learning and development
- development = process of negotiating conflict at different periods of development
Erikson: trust v mistrust (0-1 year)
- feeling of physical discomfort
- minimal amount of fear about future
- needs being met by responsive, sensitive caregiver
Erikson: autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 years)
- autonomy = discovery of own will, the assertion of autonomy and independence
- shame and doubt = too much parental restraint or over-control
Erikson: initiative vs guilt (3-5 years)
- initiative = needs to develop purposeful behavior, needs to assume greater responsibility
- guilt due to irresponsible behavior and parental response to it
- internalize parents’ rules and standards
- develop a conscience
Erikson: industry vs inferiority (6 to the beginning of puberty)
- industry = mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills
- inferiority stems from feeling incompetent and being productive
Erikson: identity vs identity diffusion (10 to 20 years)
- identity stems from finding out who you are: alternative paths, roles, and careers
- diffusion stems from failure to find out who one is or explore options
Erikson: intimacy vs isolation (20 to 30 years)
- intimacy stems from successfully forming intimate relations
- Erikson’s view: must find oneself but lose oneself in another
Erikson: generativity vs stagnation (self-absorption (40-50 years)
- generativity stems from assisting the next generation in developing and leading useful lives