W2: History of Psych + Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the Scientific Thinking Principle?

A

Extraordinary Claim (the more extraordinary the claim is, the stronger the evidence needs to be), Testing Predictions, Occam’s Razor (simplest explanation), Replicability, Ruling out rival hypothesis (excluding other plausible explanations), Correlation is not necessarily causation

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2
Q

What are the major theoretical frameworks of psychology?

A

Structuralism: identify basic elements of experiences - E. B. Titchener

Functionalism: understand the adaptive purposes of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours - William James

Behaviourism: focus on observable behaviour - John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Cognitivism: examine the role of mental processes on behaviour - Jean Piaget, Ulric Neisser

Psychoanalysis: exploring role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences in behaviour - Sigmund Freud

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3
Q

What’s scientific scepticism

A

Being open-minded when evaluating claims, however, only accepting them when persuasive evidence it presented.

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4
Q

what’s the decline effect?

A

Describes that the size of certain psychological findings appears to be shrinking over time.

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5
Q

The nature-nurture debate

A

Asks whether our behaviours are attributable mostly to out genes (nature) or our environment (nurture)

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6
Q

The free will-determinism debate

A

Asks to what extent our behaviours are freely selected rather than caused by factors outside our control.

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7
Q

Psychology affects in daily life

A

Applied to diverse fields, such as education (HSC or VEC to better measure student performance by Zimbardo, 2004), advertising, road safety (John Voevodsky, adding a third break light at the back of cars)

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8
Q

Scientist-practitioner gap

A

conflicting models of practice in clinical psychology due to different work settings (e.g. academics in research and private practitioners)

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9
Q

How can evidence-based practice help bridge the scientist-practitioner gap?

A

By combining the findings of academics and rigorous single case study methods of private practitioners, it builds the evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions

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10
Q

What is motivation?

A

Psychological drives that influence our direction

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11
Q

Drive Reduction theory

A

Clark Hull (1943) and Donald Hebb (1949)

The theory proposes that certain drives (e.g. hunger, thirst, sexual frustration) motivate us to act in ways that minimise aversive states; also propose that we are motivated to maintain a psychological homeostasis

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12
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Inverted U-shaped related where arousal level is on x-axis, and performance is on the y-axis.

We tend to do our best, and are most consistent, when experiencing intermediate levels of arousal.

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13
Q

Approach and avoidance drives

A

Some drives create tendencies to approach, e.g. food, sexual desire

Some drives create tendencies to avoid, e.g. frightening animals, rude people

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14
Q

Drives clashes

A

Approach - approach conflict: both alternatives are equally attractive

Avoidance - avoidance conflict: both alternatives are not desirable

Approach -avoidance conflict: attracted and repel to engage in the same goal

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15
Q

Incentive theories

A

People are often motivated by positive goals

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16
Q

Incentive theories differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, give example

A

Psychology class:
- Intrinsically motivated –> desire to master the material
- Extrinsically motivated –> desire to get good grades

17
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

satisfy low level needs (physiological an safety needs) before higher-level needs (belong, self esteem needs and self-actualisation)

Falsifiable in the case of staving artist achieving self actualisation first

18
Q

Symptoms of bulimia nervosa

A
  • Recurrent binge eating
  • Attempting to minimise weight gain after
19
Q

Symptoms of binge eating

A
  • Recurrent binge eating
  • No purging
20
Q

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A
  • Refusal to eat
  • Significantly low body weight expected for age and height
21
Q

Determinants of hunger

A

Hunger is associated with low levels of glucose (glucose provides energy)

Low levels of glucose incentivises hunger to create the drive to eat to restore an equilibrium state of glucose

22
Q

Determinants of weight gain and obesity

A
  • Lack of and mutation of the leptin gene
  • Mutation of specific gene, melanocortin-4 receptor gene
  • Internal external theory: obese people are more motivate to eat by external cues rather than internal cues
23
Q

Human sexual response cycle

A

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

24
Q

Factors influencing sexual activity

A

Age, Social norms and culture

25
Q

Potential influences on sexual orientation

A

An inherited tendency towards childhood gender nonconformity, sex hormones, prenatal influences, brain differences