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AUBF > Chemical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

The chemical analysis of urine routinely utilizes _______

A

Commercial reagent strips

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2
Q

Simple and rapid screening of urine specimens tests:

A

Bilirubin
Blood
Glucose
Ketones
Leukocyte esterase
Nitrite
pH
Protein
Urobilinogen

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3
Q

Urine chemistry using reagent strip, which can be completed within ______

A

2 minutes

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4
Q

Dipstick brands that are commonly used

A

Multistix (Siemens)
Chemstrip (Roche)
vChem Strips (Iris)
Aution Sticks (Arkray)

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5
Q

consists of an inert plastic strip onto which reagent-impregnated absorbent test pads are attached

A

Reagent strip

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6
Q

manner of reporting the results is based on the comparison of the colors on the chart and the strip which can either be:

A

(1) concentration (milligrams per deciliter)
(2) Small, moderate, or large
(3) plus system
(4) positive, negative, or normal

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7
Q

a reducing agent, can adversely affect reagent strip test results

A

Ascorbic acid

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8
Q

Ascorbic acid is a potential interfering agent that must be eliminated or detected through:

A

Chemstrip and vChem strip

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9
Q

uses an iodate overlay on the blood test pad to remove interference from ascorbic acid

A

Chemstrip

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10
Q

Refrigerated specimens must be allowed to return to ______ before reagent strip testing is performed (enzymatic reactions on the strips are dependent on temperature).

A

Room temperature

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11
Q

Care of Reagent strips:

A
  1. Store with desiccant in an opaque, tightly closed container
  2. Store below 30C; do not freeze
  3. Do not expose to volatile fumes
  4. Do not use past the expiration date
  5. Do not use if chemical pads become discolored
  6. Remove strips immediately prior to use
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12
Q

is based on the change in pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

A

Urine Specific Gravity

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13
Q

Hydrogen ions are released proportional to the number of ions in the solution as the polyelectrolyte ionizes

A

Urine specific gravity

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14
Q

Indicator in urine specific gravity chemical test:

A

Bromthymol blue (measures the change in pH)

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15
Q

As SG ↑es, bromthymol blue changes from ___________, through shades of _____________.

A

blue (1.000 [alkaline])
green, to yellow (1.030 [acid])

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16
Q

Higher urine concentration = higher hydrogen ions are released = ______ pH

A

Lower pH

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17
Q

Slightly increases the SG readings

A

Elevated protein concentration

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18
Q

indicator (the blue-green readings associated with an alkaline pH correspond to a low SG reading) →specimens with a pH of 6.5 or ↑= ↓SG readings

A

Bromthymol blue

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19
Q

when the pH is 6.5 or higher it is recommended to add _____ to the SG reading

A

0.005

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20
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Patient hydration and dehydration monitoring

A

Urine specific gravity

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21
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Diabetes insipidus

A

Urine specific gravity

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22
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Loss of renal tubular concentrating ability

A

Urine specific gravity

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23
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Verifying unsatisfactory specimens due to low concentration

A

Urine specific gravity

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24
Q

are the major regulators of the acid-base content in the body

A

Kidneys

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25
Q

pH of first morning urine

A

slightly acidic / pH 5.0 to 6.0

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26
Q

pH of following meals (alkaline tides)

A

more alkaline

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27
Q

pH or normal random samples

A

4.5 to 8.0

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28
Q

in normal or abnormal conditions, the pH of freshly excreted urine:

A

does not reach 9

29
Q

pH of an improperly preserved specimen & indicates that a fresh specimen should be obtained

A

pH 9

30
Q

double-indicator system of methyl red & bromthymol blue

A

Urinary pH

31
Q

Urinary pH test has distinctive color changes from _____ through _____ to a final _______

A

orange at pH 5 through yellow & green to a final deep blue at pH 9

32
Q

Methyl red color change from ______ in the pH range of _____

A

red to yellow
4 to 6

33
Q

Bromthymol blue color changes from ______ in the pH range of _____

A

yellow to blue
6 to 9

34
Q

Substances that interfere with urinary pH measurements performed by reagent strips:

A

No known substances

35
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Management of urinary conditions that require the urine to be maintained at a specific pH

A

Urinary pH

36
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Determining the existence of systemic acid-base disorders of metabolic or respiratory origin

A

Urinary pH

37
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Acidic urine

A

Urinary pH

38
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

In persons with high-protein and high meat diets

A

Urinary pH

39
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Ingestion of cranberry juice

A

urinary pH

40
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

Methanamine mandelate (Mandelamine) and fosfomycin tromethamine

A

urinary pH

41
Q

in respiratory or metabolic alkalosis in vegetarians (digestion of fruits & veggies results to the formation of bicarbonates

A

alkaline urine

42
Q

Identify what type of test is used on these clinical significance:

renal calculi formation

A

urinary pH

43
Q

Maintaining urine at an ______ discourages formation of calculi

A

alkaline pH

44
Q

precipitates primarily in acidic urine

A

calcium oxalate

45
Q

the most indicative of renal disease

A

Protein

46
Q

The first indicator of renal disease

A

Proteinuria

47
Q

Protein content of normal urine (Strasinger):

A

<10 mg/dL or 100 mg per 24 hours excreted

48
Q

Protein content or normal urine (Graff’s)

A

150 mg (1 to 14 mg/dL)

49
Q

When the pH is held constant by a buffer (pH 3.0), indicator dyes release H+ ions because of the ______ present.

A

protein

50
Q

Color change in protein ranges from ______

A

yellow to blue-green

51
Q

The indicators change color in the presence of protein even though the pH of the medium remains _______

A

constant

52
Q

Indicator dyes in protein:

A

tetrabromphenol blue (Multistix)
or
3′, 3′′, 5′, 5′′-tetrachlorophenol-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrabromosulfonphthalein (Chemstrip)

53
Q

an _________ maintains the pH at a constant level

A

acid buffer

54
Q

pH 3= both indicators are _______ = __________

A

yellow = ABSENCE OF PROTEIN

55
Q

Protein Readings are reported in terms of:

A

negative, trace (1+, 2+, 3+, & 4+)
semiquantitative values of 30, 100, 300, or 2000 mg/dL
trace values: if <30 mg/dL

56
Q

Sources of error in protein test:

highly buffered alkaline urine (pH >9)

A

False (+)

57
Q

Major source of error with reagent strips

A

Highly alkaline urine

58
Q

Sources of error in protein test:

pigmented specimens phenazopyridine quarternary ammonium compounds

A

False (+)

59
Q

Sources of error in protein test:

antiseptics

A

False (+)

60
Q

Sources of error in protein test:

Chlorhexidine

A

False (+)

61
Q

Sources of error in protein test:

Loss of buffer form

A

False (+)

62
Q

prolonged exposure of the reagent strip to the specimen ______

A

higher SG

63
Q

Sources of error in protein test:

microalbuminuria

A

False (-)

64
Q

Sources of error in protein test:

Proteins other than albumin

A

False (-)

65
Q

Clinical proteinuria:

A

≥30 mg/dL (300 mg/L)

66
Q

caused by conditions affecting the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney is not indicative of actual renal disease often transient e.g.,
Muscle injury
Multiple myoma
Acute phase reactants
Intravascular hemolysis

A

Prerenal

67
Q

coagulates at temperatures between 40◦C and 60◦C and dissolves when the temperature reaches 100◦C.

A

Bence Jones protein

68
Q

associated with true renal disease result of either glomerular or tubular damage

A

RENAL

69
Q

Diseases under Postrenal

A

Injury/trauma
Menstrual contamination
Vaginal secretions
Prostatic
fluid/spermatozoa
Lower UTIs/ inflammation

AUBF (38 decks)

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