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Biology - Eukaryotes > Biochemistry - Cancer > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the forms of cancer cells?

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Myeloma
Lymphoma
Leukmeia

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2
Q

Carcinoma

A

This is malignant new growth arising from epithelia, found in skinor lining of body orangs(80-90% of cancerS)

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3
Q

Sarcoma

A

These derive from connective and supportive mesenchymal tissues like bone or muscle cancer

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4
Q

Myeloma

A

These are cancer cell derived from the bone marrow

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5
Q

Lymphoma

A

These are solid tumours of the lymphatic systmes

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6
Q

Leukemia

A

This is production of abnormal white blood cells from the bone marrow

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7
Q

What features make normal cells non-cancerous?

A

Anchorage dependent growth
Densit-dependent growth

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8
Q

Metastasis

A

This is the dissemination of neoplastic cells to nearby or distant secondary sites where they proliferate to form an extravascular mass of tmor cells

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9
Q

What does density depencen refer to?

A

When a monolayer of EC form singular layer, they produe no more

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10
Q

How is metastasis facilitated?

A

Upregulation of Matric Metalloproteinases for reformation of the ECM and detachment from OG location

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11
Q

How may cancer detach from cells?

A

Downregulation of proteins required for it like E-cadherin

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12
Q

Anoiis

A

This is apoptotic induction in cells after they lose attachment to ECM

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13
Q

What do cancner cells have the capacity for?

A

Allow uncontrolled cell division by dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoint, growth factor secretion to promote cell proliferation
Reduced growth factor reliance

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14
Q

Hayflick Limit

A

This says that human cells will only replicate and divide 4-60 times before it cannot divide anymore

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15
Q

Why is cancer immortal?

A

Telomerase expression

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16
Q

HeLa Cells

A

Cells cultured from Henrietta Lacks from cervical carcinoma whos cells stilll used

17
Q

TERT gene

A

This encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase

18
Q

What upregulates TERT expression?

A

Oncogenes like c-MYC or tumour suppressor genes like P53

19
Q

Autocrine Signalling

A

This is the productio nand secretion of an extracellular mediator by a cell followed by binding of that mediator to receptors on the same clel to initate signal transduction

20
Q

What is the basis of autocrine signalling?

A

Mutatiosn resultin in growth factor upregulation and grwothh factor receptors.

21
Q

What are the stages of cancer establishment?

A

Initiation
Cloncal Expansion
Primary Tumour
Secondary Mutations
Malignancy
Invasion
Metastasis

22
Q

What does initaiton of cancer develop from?

A

Proto-oncogenes or Tumour-Suppressor Genes

23
Q

Proto-Oncogenes

A

These being genes normally resposnible for promoting cell growth and division

24
Q

What does oncogenesis derive from?

A

Mutations in Proto-oncgenes and TSG

25
Q

What is an example of cancer initiation?

A

RAS gene point mutations and cell proliferation or TP53 inhibiting cell growth and DNA damage repair

26
Q

What is a example of chromosomal arrangements inducing cancer?

A

Myelogenous Leukemia from BCR-ABL Fusion

27
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

Proliferation of the mutated cell froming a cluseter of clones

28
Q

Primary Tumour

A

This is a benign tumour where surrounding tissues are not invaded and surgery is possible, remaining in situ

29
Q

Angiogenesis

A

This is the development of new blood vessels from pre-existin gones?

30
Q

What is primary tumour facilitated by?

A

Angiogenesis for nutrton

31
Q

What is an example of a secondary mutation?

A

Increased mutationl rate in DNA repair maechanisms

32
Q

Malignancy

A

These are diseases where abnormal cells divided without control and can invade nearby tissues.

33
Q

What happens in malignancy?

A

Invasiveness following breaking of contact of cells from neighbours :E-cadherin breakdown

34
Q

RAS oncogenes

A

These functionally act like molecular switches by alteration of bound GTP and GDP

35
Q

Oncogenesis

A

Cancer formation resulting from carcinogens

36
Q

Carcinogens

A

Alteration of genes by cancer-causing chemicals.

Biology - Eukaryotes (13 decks)

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