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Biology - Eukaryotes > Structure - Tissues > Flashcards

Structure - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell adhesion mediated by?

A

Cell-Adhesion Molecules

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2
Q

Selectins

A

These mediate leucoyte-endothelial cell interactions in inflammatory and immune reactions

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3
Q

Desmosomes

A

These serve to couple individual cells into various arrangements required for tissue structure and function.

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4
Q

Integrins

A

These are cell-adhesion receptors mediating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion

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5
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

These are glycoproteins with antibodiy activity found in the blood, lymph and vascularised tissue.

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6
Q

Tight Junctions

A

These are homeotypic interactions by TM protein structures linking actin cytoskeleton of neighbouring cells, rpreventing the leakage of molecules between ells, seperating Apical from Basal PM

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7
Q

What is example of tight junction important?

A

HCl generation in the Gut epitehelian where proton and Cl ion pumps are prevented from pumping into the blood stream from gastric acid by apical/basal seperation

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8
Q

Parietal Cells

A

These are responsible for gastric acid secretion for good digestion and mineral absorption

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9
Q

Gap Junctions

A

These connect cells allowing ionic transfer and signalling molecules, being the commonest type of junction, composed of 12 connexins

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10
Q

Connexins

A

These are proteins assembling into hexameric, cylindrical pore-forming structures

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories of junctions?

A

Adhering junctions
Impermeable junctions
Communication junctions

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12
Q

What is the general funtcion of junctions?

A

Adhesive interactions between homotypic/heterotypic cells where CAM can bind a cAM of same type being homophilic or heterophilic

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13
Q

What are CAMS often associated wiht?

A

Intracellular adaptor proteins mediating cytoskeletal component binding

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14
Q

What does EC polarisation caused?

A

Apical, Lateral and Basal regions

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15
Q

What are the two morphologies of Epithelial Cell?

A

Stratified
Simple

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16
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Contain adhesive proteins, adaptor proteins and cytosjeletal filaments

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17
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Hold tissues together, with adiditonal functions in control of solute flow through extracellular spaces

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18
Q

Gap Junctions

A

These permit small molecular diffusion between cytoplasm of adjacent cells and a environmental commuicaiton

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19
Q

What do Adherens Junctions do?

A

Connect lateral membranes of adjacent epithelial cells located apically

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20
Q

What are adjerins junctions examples?

A

Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and focal contacts

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21
Q

What is the general structure of Adherens Junctions?

A

Mediate cellular rigidity by intermediate filaments running along parralel to cell surface

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22
Q

What do Tight Junctiosn do?

A

Restrict diffusion forces located in a band surrounding the cell just below the apical surface

23
Q

What do tight junctions allow for?

A

Polarity of the epithelium by shielding glycoprotein diffusion

24
Q

What are associated proteins of Tight Junctions?

A

Occludin and Claudin and Junction Adhesion Molecules

25
Q

What do Gap Junctions do?

A

Form gaps between cells, connecting the cytoplasms.

26
Q

What proteins link cells?

A

Connexins

27
Q

What is the structure of connexin?

A

Ecah contains 4 alpha TM helieices forming a hemichannel of 24 in each connexon

28
Q

What types of epithelial cell are there?

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar organised into Stratified, simple, pseudostratified and transistional

29
Q

What are the four category of tissue?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous

30
Q

What are connective tissues composed of?

A

Collagen, Reticular and Elastin fibres

31
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

This includes cartilage bond and tendons with elasticiaity and mechanica l strenght

32
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

These hold small glands and epithelia together including basal lamina of cells

33
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

These consist of tightly pakced cells in sheets covering the outside of the body, lining organs and cavitieis within, being singular or stratifed

34
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Protects from mechanical injury and provide a barrier against microbes and fluid loss

35
Q

What is the structure of Epithelial Tissue?

A

Polar epithelial cells and desmosomes and tight junctions sealing adjacent cells

36
Q

What are the arragnements of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple Epithelium
Stratified Epithelium
Pseudostratified Epithelium

37
Q

Connective Tissue

A

THis provides structure and support, filling space unoccupied by other tissue, encompassing loose, dense, adipose, cartilage, bond and blood tissues

38
Q

What proteins are found in connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

39
Q

Collagen

A

This provides structural support to extracellular spaces and connective tissues

40
Q

Elastin

A

This is a resillient connective tissue protein maintaining elasticity and tensil ability

41
Q

Proteoglyancs

A

These consist of a core protein with glycosaminoglycans controlling availability of potent growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and morphogens

42
Q

Glycoproteins

A

These differ from proteoglycans as the protein component is synthesised first and the carbohydrate then covalenetly bound

43
Q

Fibroblasts

A

These are the progenitors for specialized mesenchymal cell types and production of collagen, GAG and PG

44
Q

What do fibroblasts function to do?

A

Synthesise and maintain ECM and produce MMP

45
Q

Matrix MetalloProteinases

A

These are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzyemes degrading proteins in the ECM

46
Q

What is the general AA of collagen?

A

Rich in glycine, proline and hydroxyproline, with a 3D alpha helical filamental winding

47
Q

Why is AA hydroxylation in collagen important?

A

H-bonds and cross-linkage for stability of triple-helix structure

48
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

These function for support and movement, consisting of long excitable cells containing predominantly actin and myosins

49
Q

What are the three types of Muscle Tissue?

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

50
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

These line the walls of hollow organs and tubes like the urinary bladder, gall bladder and uterus

51
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

These are highly malleable tissue composed of bundle of myofibres containing myofibrils

52
Q

What is the general structure of skeletal musce?

A

Sarclomma PM surrounding each fibre with T-Tubules and sarcoplasm and contractile proteins

53
Q

What is nervous tissue composed of?

A

Neurons

Biology - Eukaryotes (13 decks)

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