classical and operant conditioning

Question 1

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 1

three-phase behaviourist approach to learning that is voluntary where the likelihood of a behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences. Antecedent - Behaviour - Consequences

Question 2

what is the antecedent?

Answer 2

what initiates, stimulates or triggers a behaviour e.g parental pressure for good grades

Question 3

what is the behaviour?

Answer 3

the actual response of acting upon their environment e.g studying hard

Question 4

what is the consequence?

Answer 4

what shapes or guides future behaviour, or the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again

Question 5

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 5

the addition of a positive stimulus e.g money, sticker

Question 6

what is positive punishment?

Answer 6

the addition of an undesirable stimulus e.g detention

Question 7

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 7

the removal of an undesirable stimulus e.g being let off chores for getting a good grade

Question 8

what is negative punishment?

Answer 8

the removal of a desirable stimulus e.g taking phone

Question 9

what is classical conditioning

Answer 9

three-phase behaviourist approach to learning which involves involuntary association of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response.

Question 10

what is observational learning?

Answer 10

a socio-cognitive approach to learning where an individual observes another persons actions and consequences to guide their own future behaviour.

Question 11

what are the five stages of observational learning?

Answer 11

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement

Question 12

what is attention?

Answer 12

the learner actively watching and concentrating on the model

Question 13

what is retention?

Answer 13

the learner stores mental representation of behaviour

Question 14

what is reproduction?

Answer 14

the learner has the mental and physical ability to perform a behaviour

Question 15

what is motivation?

Answer 15

environmental stimuli makes learner want to perform a behaviour

Question 16

what is reinforcement?

Answer 16

positive outcome makes the learner more likely to repeat the behaviour when motivated to again

Question 17

factors which make it more likely that the behaviour is modelled

Answer 17

• similar to us (age, gender)
• high status (celebrity)
• someone we admire (parents)
• familiar to us

Question 18

what is the neutral stimulus?

Answer 18

does not elicit a naturally occurring response e.g dogs don’t salivate to a bell

Question 19

what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 19

a stimulus that elicits an automatic response without learning e.g dog salivates to food

Question 20

what is the unconditioned response?

Answer 20

an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus e.g salivation to food

Question 21

what is the conditioned stimulus?

Answer 21

a stimulus that produces a conditioned response after learning. the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. e.g the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus once learning has taken place

Question 22

what is the conditioned response?

Answer 22

a response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus after learning e.g salivation to the bell

Question 23

similarities between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 23

both behaviourist approaches, both are three-phase processes

Question 24

differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 24

• operant conditioning is learning a voluntary behaviour, whereas classical conditioning is involuntary.
• operant conditioning is active learning, classical conditioning is passive learning.
• operant conditioning requires a consequence

Question 25

what are the types of reinforcement for observational learning?

Answer 25

self-reinforcement, external reinforcement and vicarious reinforcement.

Question 26

what is self reinforcement?

Answer 26

behaviour is reinforced through internal factors within the individual e.g feeling proud

Question 27

what is external reinforcement?

Answer 27

behaviour is reinforced through external factors like receiving an award

Question 28

what is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 28

behaviour is reinforced by observing the reinforcement of another individual performing the same behaviour.