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PBL 2: Remediation Boogaloo > Path 3: Inflammation > Flashcards

Path 3: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of inflamation

A

1) Recognition of of noxious agent
2) Recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins
3) Removal of stimulus (mainly by phagocytes)
4) Regulation (terminates reaction)
5) Repair of tissue

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2
Q

Mediator of vascular changes in inflamation

A

Histamine

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3
Q

Three components of acute inflammation:

A

1) Small vessel dilation (increase blood flow)
2) Increased microvasculature permeability (enables leukocytes to leave circulation)
3) Emigration of leukocytes from microcirculation to the offending site

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4
Q

Exudate

A

Extravascular fluid with high protein containing cellular debris

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5
Q

Transudate

A

Fluid with low protein content

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6
Q

Increased vascular permeability accomplished by

A

Contraction of endothelial cells

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7
Q

Contraction of endothelial cells in inflammation is induced by

A

Histamine, bradykinin and other chemical mediators

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8
Q

Edema is drained via

A

Lymphatics

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9
Q

Lymphagitis vs lymphadenitis

A

Lymphagitis: lymphatic system inflammation

Lymphadenitis: inflmmation of draining lymph nodes

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10
Q

Reactive lymphadenitis

A

Hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and increased lymphocytes causes lymph node enlargement

Often seen with red streaks near wound

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11
Q

Chemokines

A

adhesion molecules and cytokines that mediate leukocyte migration from vessel lumen to tissue

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12
Q

Diapedesis

A

AKA transmigration

Procress in which leukocytes migrate through intact endothelium

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13
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Locomotion along chemical gradient. Leukocytes move toward attractants such as bacterial products, cytokines and complement products

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14
Q

_____ initially predominate in inflamatory infiltrate

A

Neutrophils (6-24 hours)

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15
Q

______ replace neutrophils in inflammatory infiltrate

A

Monocytes (24-48 hours)

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16
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A

Recognition and attachment of particle to be ingested

Engulfment

Killing of microbe

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17
Q

Phagocytosis is dependent on polymerization of ______

A

Actin filaments

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18
Q

Killing of microbes in lysosomes is accomplished with

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Enzymes

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19
Q

Respiratory burst

A

Oxidative reaction that accompanies phagocytosis

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20
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular traps (NETs)

A

Extracellular fibrillar networks that concentrate antimicrobial substances at sites of infection and trap microbes, helping to prevent their spread

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21
Q

Neutrophil half lives

A

Are short. They commit seppuku a few hours after leaving blood

22
Q

Histamine is secreted by

A

granule exocytosis

23
Q

Prostaglandins, leukotrines and cytokines are produced _____ during inflamation

A

De novo

24
Q

Plasma derived mediators

A

e.g. Complement proteins. produced in liver and circulate in inactive form. Activated by proteolytic cleavages

25
Q

Two major vasoactive amines

A

Histamine and serotonin

26
Q

Prostaglandin production

A

Arachandonic acid converted by COX1 and COX2

27
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

Prostaglandin that causes vasoconstriction, promotes platelet aggregation

28
Q

Prostacylin PGI2

A

Causes vasodilation, inihibits platelet aggregation

29
Q

PGD 2 and PGE 2

A

Vasodilation

Increased vasular permeability

Leukocyte chemotaxis

30
Q

Leukotrienes C4 D4 E4 cause

A

Bronchospasm

31
Q

TNF and IL-1 function

A

Leukocyte recruitment and adhesion

32
Q

TNF pathological effects

A

Decreased CO

Insulin resistance

Vascular permeability

33
Q

What triggers classical complement pathway

A

C1 binding to IgM or IgG

34
Q

How is the alternative pathway activated

A

Bacterial surface molecule in the absence of antibody

35
Q

How is the lectin pathway activated

A

C1 is activated by plasma mannose binding lectin

36
Q

Serous inflammation

A

Marked by exudation of cell poor fluid into spaes created by cell injury

(burn blister)

37
Q

Fibrinous inflammation

A

occurs with large vascular leaks or procoagulant stimulus

38
Q

Purulent abscess

A

Made of pus, an exudate of neutrophils, liquified necrotic cell debris, and edema

39
Q

Ulcer

A

Excavation caused by sloughing of inflammed necrotic tissue

40
Q

Chronic inflammation caused by

A

Persistent infections

Hypersensitivity reactions

Prolonged toxic agent exposure

41
Q

Chronic inflamation characterized by

A

Mononuclear cell infiltration

Tissue destruction

Attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement

42
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrophages in liver

43
Q

Macrophages are derived from

A

Bone marrow in post natal life

Yolk sac and liver during development

44
Q

Alternatively activated macrophages (M2)

A

Stimulate tissue repair and anti-inflammatory effects

45
Q

Major basic protein

A

Secreted from eosinophil granule to injure wormz

46
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

Characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often T cells and associated with necrosis

47
Q

Foreign granuloma

A

Granuloma that forms around foreign body that does not have antigenic properties (sutures, talc)

48
Q

Immune granulomma common cause

A

Tuberculosis :)

49
Q

Features of acute phase response (systemic inflammation)

A

Fever

Leukocytosis

Elevated acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen)

50
Q

Infections associated with leukopenia

A

Rickettsiea, typhoid, protozoa

51
Q

What stimulates angiogenesis

A

VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor

52
Q

TGF-B

A

Tissue growth factor B. Activated by M2 cells. Important for connective tissue deposition during repair

PBL 2: Remediation Boogaloo (24 decks)

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