Discuss, using Skinner’s theory of language, how Adham was able to learn the new word. You must refer to the context in your answer. (8)

Question 1

According to Skinner children are a ‘tabula rosa’ for language learning and require nurturing.

Answer 1

Adham did not know the word ‘daddy’ until his father nurtured and taught him to say this word.

Question 2

Language is learnt through processes of operant conditioning using reinforcement.

Answer 2

The operant conditioning positive reinforcements received by Adham for correct words are hugs, smiles and clapping which he desired from his parents.

Question 3

Correct words are rewarded with positive reinforcement to encourage continuation of the utterances.

Answer 3

Adham receives hugs from his mother that encourages his continued use of saying the word ‘mummy’ correctly to her.

Question 4

Incorrect words can be positively punished to discourage the use of the inaccurate speech.

Answer 4

When Adham says the word ‘mummy’ to his father he received positive punishment by being told ‘no’ which he does not desire so he eventually stops saying the incorrect word and learns the new word of ‘daddy’.