Unit 1 - LAB - Gender Flashcards
Define the term ‘Sex’
The biological status of XX(female) or XY(Male)
Jo has a biological sex of XX.
Female
What is gender?
A person’s expression of maleness or femaleness
What is Alpha bias?
Where the differences between males and females are being maximised.
What is beta bias?
Where the differences between males and females are minimised.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to look for information that supports, rather than rejects, one’s preconceptions
How many stages of gender development does Kohlberg propose their are?
3 stages
What type of bias is this? All boys play with cars and all girls play with dolls.
Alpha bias
What age is gender labelling?
Age 2-3
What age is gender stability?
around 4 years
When does gender constancy develop?
Six years of age
Mary knows boys grow up to be men. Then Mary sees a boy with long hair and states that they think they are a girl. What stage of Kohlberg’s theory are they in?
Gender stability
What do children realise in a the gender constancy stage?
That gender is constant across time and situations
What type of bias is this? A researcher believes that girls talk more than boys. He observes children at lunch but spends more time looking at the girls than the boys.
Confirmation bias
How can alpha bias affect equality?
Men are seen as the providers and women are seen as more nurturing.
How can beta bias affect equality?
Minimises the differences and assume that males and females present depressive symptoms the same way.
What is a schema?
Mental representation of an aspect of the world.
Gender schema combines which two theories
Cognitive approach
Social Learning Theory
Martin and Halverson argue that child at about age 3 look to others to form gender schemas. Who do they show favouritism to?
ingroup - same sex
What do Martin and Halverson argue happens to children who do not fulfil gender schemas?
They are ignored or teased.
What is one strength of gender schema theory.
Practical Applications: awareness can lead to intervention to reduce prejudice
What are sex role stereotypes?
The shared expectations
within a society or social group regarding what is
appropriate behaviour for men and women.
Where do sex role stereotypes come from?
Learned from birth: from both parents and wider society such as peers and media
What are gender roles?
Gender roles are societal norms that dictate the types of behaviour that are generally considered
appropriate for individuals based on their biological sex.
What type of gender roles are linked to females?
Cooking, Cleaning & nurturing
What types of gender roles are linked to males?
To work and provide for the family.
What are theories linked to sex role stereotypes criticised for?
Socially sensitive - promote prejudice so less likely to lead to equality.
What is one area where priming women with their gender identify has reduced female performance?
Maths - assumes males are better than females and this leads to a self fulfilling prophecy.