Alexander II - Reforms/Recationary 1855-1881

Question 1

When were the local government reforms?

Answer 1

1864-70

Question 2

What was introduced?

Answer 2

The Zemstva

Question 3

How was the zemstva chosen?

Answer 3

Electorial colleges

Question 4

What was the power/limitations of the Zemstva?

Answer 4

POWER:
- improve public services
- develop industrial projects
- administer poor relief
LIMITATIONS:
- no control over taxes

Question 5

Who dominated the Zemstva?

Answer 5

Nobles, intelligentsia, doctors, the ‘emerging’ middle classes

Question 6

What were the direct results of emancipation?

Answer 6

• a Kulak class began to emerge (great resentment against them)
• some peasants sold their land and moved to towns
• many felt cheated

Question 7

How many peasants were achieving a surplus by 1878?

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

When were the military reforms?

Answer 8

1874-75

Question 9

Who were the military reforms under?

Answer 9

Dmitry Milyutin

Question 10

What occurred under the military reforms?

Answer 10

• modern weaponry introduced
• new command structure established
• punishment made less severe
• medical care established
• service reduced to 15 years
• smaller, professional army
• literacy rates grew

Question 11

When were the judicial reforms?

Answer 11

1864

Question 12

What was reformed in the Judicial system?

Answer 12

• accused were considered innocent until proven guilty
• new system was modelled on the West
• equality before the law
• employ a lawyer
• criminal cases heard before a jury
• JP elected

Question 13

What courts were excluded from the reforms?

Answer 13

Ecclesiastical and Military

Question 14

When were the education reforms?

Answer 14

1863-64

Question 15

Who was the minister for education between 1862-67?

Answer 15

Golovnin

Question 16

What year could women attend university?

Answer 16

1870

Question 17

What were the education reforms?

Answer 17

• schools declared open to all
• responsibility transferred from Orthodox Church to Zemstva
• ‘modern’ schools established
• primary and secondary education expanded

Question 18

What was the growth in Primary schools?

Answer 18

8,000 to 23,000 in 25 years

Question 19

When were the censorship reforms?

Answer 19

1858-70

Question 20

What was reformed in censorship?

Answer 20

• press could print editorials on government policy
• growth in books, newspaper and journal sales
• restrictions on publishers reduced
• foreign publications were permitted

Question 21

What was the ‘reaction’ to education?

Answer 21

• appointing Tolstoy as minister for education
• education went back to the hands of the orthodox church
• Gimnazii schools followed traditional cirriculum

Question 22

In 1871 what school could only progress onto university?

Answer 22

Gimnazii

Question 23

What subjects were reversed in universities?

Answer 23

Literature, science, history and modern languages were removed with Maths, Latin, Greek and divinity studies

Question 24

Who was appointed in 1866?

Answer 24

Tolstoy, Shuvalov and Pahlen

Question 25

Who was Tolstoy?

Answer 25

Minister for education from 1866

Question 26

Who was Shuvalov?

Answer 26

Head of the ‘Third Section’

Question 27

Who was Pahlen?

Answer 27

Minister of Justice

Question 28

When was the first assassination attempt against Alexander II?

Answer 28

1866

Question 29

How many assassination attempts were there against the Tsar?

Answer 29

6

Question 30

How were police, law and control tightened after 1866?

Answer 30

• show trials began - aimed to deter others from revolutionary activity
• Shuvalov strengthened the Third Section
• Pahlen used the judicial system to make examples of political agitators

Question 31

When were secret courts introduced?

Answer 31

1878