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a+p and exercise physiology > PAPER 1 - The Skeletal and Muscular System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - The Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton

A

a shaping framework for the body- gives protection for internal organs, is the site for blood cell production and is mineral store

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2
Q

Name 2 types of category of bones found in the skeleton

A
  • flat bones- protect internal organs, act as attachments for muscles
  • long bones- levers for movement, act as sites for blood cell production
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3
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Fibrous tissue that connects bones to bone, that is slightly elastic

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4
Q

Define joint?

A

an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

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5
Q

Define Articular cartilage

A

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement

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6
Q

Name the 5 common features of a synovial joint

A

-ligament
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage
-joint capsule
-bursa

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7
Q

what are the common features of a synovial joint and there structure and function?

A
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8
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joint?

A

hinge joint
condyloid joint
pivot joint
ball and socket joint

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9
Q

Define FLEXION

A

a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint (usually to the front of the body, anterior)

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10
Q

Define EXTENSION

A

a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint, usually to the back (posterior) of the body

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11
Q

What does plantar flexion do?

A

increases joint angle (at the ankle) moving toes further away from tibia (toes down)

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12
Q

What does dorsi-flexion do?

A
  1. decreases joint angle at the ankle brining toes closer to tibia (toes upwards)
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13
Q

Name the three planes of motion and what they are

A

sagittal plane - divides body into left and right from middle to outside

frontal plane - divides body into front and back

transverse - divides body into top and bottom

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14
Q

Name the features of the Saggital Plane (5 features)

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • plantarflexion
  • dorsiflexion
  • divides body into left and right
    Example - bicep curl
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15
Q

Name the features of the Frontal Plane (3 features)

A
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • divides body into front and back
  • (example lateral raises with weights) Mainly shoulder and hip joints e.g. star jumps
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16
Q

Name the features of the Transverse Plane ( 7 features)

A
  • Medial Rotation - rotation towards the body
  • Lateral Rotation - rotation towards the outside of the body
  • Horizontal extension - moving arm upwards, then away from body (away from midline)
  • Horizontal flexion - moving arm upwards then towards body (closer to midline)
  • Splits body into bottom and top
  • e.g discus Horizontal extension and flexion occur at the shoulder when trhowing a discus and at the hip when performin open the gate and close the gate warm up exercises.
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17
Q

What are Tendons?

A

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches the muscle to the bone.

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18
Q

What is the use of Tendons and where are they located?

A
  • Transmit force created by the muscle to move the bone
  • Origin is where the muscle is attached to the stationary bone
  • Insertion point is where the muscle attaches itself to the moveable bone which will get closer to the origin during muscular contraction
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19
Q

What is muscular origin?

A

muscular attachment to stationary bone - stays fixed during muscular contraction

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20
Q

What is muscular insertion?

A

point of muscular attachment to moveable bone which gets closer to origin during muscular contraction

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21
Q

What are the three main roles a muscle can adopt?

A

agonist
antagonist
fixator

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22
Q

What is an agonist?

A

muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint (prime mover)

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23
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

muscle that opposes agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement

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24
Q

What are FIXATORS ?

A

the muscle that STABILISES the ORIGIN of the AGONIST and the JOINT that the origin moves over

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25
Q

What is antagonistic muscle action?

A

paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action

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26
Q

Define ISOTONIC CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to shorten causing tension. This produces the force to pull two bones closer together, causing joing movement e.g. bicep curl, the bicep brachii concentrically contracts to lift the weight to the shoulder (upwards)

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27
Q

The muscular system
Define ISOTONIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement and can be either concentric and eccentric contraction

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28
Q

Define ISOTONIC ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to lengthens producing tension. e.g. bicep curl, the downward phase of a bicep curl, the biceps brachii eccentrically contracts to lower the weight under control (downwards)

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29
Q

Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

A

there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement e.g the biceps brachii holding a free weight in the hand still. The muscle will create tension as it pulls on the tendon attachments, however no movement.

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30
Q

Define LATERAL

A

towards the outside

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31
Q

Define MEDIAL

A

towards the middle

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32
Q

Define POSTERIOR

A

towards the back

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33
Q

Define ANTERIOR

A

towards the front

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34
Q

What movement occurs at the WRIST and what joint is it?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • condyloid joint
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35
Q

what are the articulating bones of the wrist?

A

articulating bones = radius, ulna and carpals

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36
Q

WRIST : FLEXION : AGONIST
movement?

A

wrist flexors
movement = sagital plane

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37
Q

WRIST : EXTENSION : AGONIST
movement?

A

wrist extensors
movement = sagital plane

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38
Q

what is a practical apllication of the WRIST joint?

A

Basketball players concentrically contract the wrist felxors to flex the wrist as the ball is released on a jump shot

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39
Q

What movement occurs at the ELBOW and what type of joint is it?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hinge joint
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40
Q

what are the articulating bones of the ELBOW?

A

articulating bones = radius, ulna and humerous

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41
Q

ELBOW : FLEXION : AGONIST
movement?

A

biceps brachii
movement = sagital plane

42
Q

ELBOW : EXTENSION : AGONIST
movement?

A

triceps brachii
movement = sagital plane

43
Q

pratical aplication of the elbow joint?

A

the elbow joint is essential for creating power in a netball shot. In the preparation phase the bicep brachii will concetrically contract to flex the elbow lowering the ball. In the execution phase the tricep brachii concentrically contracts to extend the elbow joint for a large range of motion to generate a large force to apply to the ball

44
Q

What movement occurs at SHOULDER and what type of joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • ball and socket joint
45
Q

what are the articulating bones of the SHOULDER?

A

articulating bones = scapula and humerous

46
Q

SHOULDER : FLEXION : AGONIST

movement?

A

anterior deltoid

movement: sagittal plane

47
Q

SHOULDER : EXTENSION : AGONIST

movement?

A

posterior deltoid

movement: sagittal plane

48
Q

SHOULDER : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

movement?

A

latissimus dorsi

movement: frontal plane

49
Q

SHOULDER : ABDUCTION : AGONIST

movement?

A

middle deltoid

movement: frontal plane

50
Q

SHOULDER : M.ROTATION : AGONIST

movement?

A

teres major

movement: transverse plane

51
Q

SHOULDER : L.ROTATION : AGONIST

movement?

A

teres minor

movement: transverse plane

52
Q

SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL F : AGONIST

movement?

A

pectorals major

movement: transverse plane

53
Q

SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL E : AGONIST

movement?

A

posterior deltoid

movement: transverse plane

54
Q

what is an exapmle of a practical aplication of the shoulder joint?

A

To mobilise the shoulder joint as part of a warm-up, you may use star jumps. In the outward phase of a star jump, the agonist, the middle deltoid, concentrically contracts to abduct the shoulder joint.

55
Q

What movement occurs at the HIP and what type of joint is it?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • ball and socket joint
56
Q

What are the articulating bones of the HIP?

A

The pelvic girdile and the femur

57
Q

HIP : FLEXION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

iliopsoas

movement: sagittal plane

58
Q

HIP : EXTENSION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

gluteus maximus

movement: sagittal plane

59
Q

HIP : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

adductor longus, brevis, magnus

movement: frontal plane

60
Q

HIP : ABDUCTION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

gluteus medius / minus

movement: frontal plane

61
Q

HIP : M.ROTATION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

gluteus medius / minus

movement: transverse plane

62
Q

HIP : L.ROTATION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

gluteus maximus

movement: transverse plane

63
Q

What is a practical application
of using the hip joint

A

When olympic weightlifting is in the upward phase the agonist the gluteus maximus will concentrically contract to creat hip extension while the atagonist ilipsoas co-ordinates the action.

64
Q

What movement occurs at the KNEE and what type of joint is it ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hinge
65
Q

What are the ariculating bones of the KNEE?

A

The femur and tibia

66
Q

KNEE : FLEXION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

bicep femoris

Movement: the sagittal plane

67
Q

KNEE : EXTENSION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

rectus femoris

Movement: the sagittal plane

68
Q

What is a practical example for KNEE joint?

A

E.G: the knee is essential for creating power in a penalty shot in football. concentrically contracting the bicep femoris flexes the knee joint in the preparation phase

69
Q

What movement occurs at the ANKLE and what type of joint is it?

A
  • plantar flexion
  • dorsi flexion
  • hinge
70
Q

What are the articulating bones of the ANKLE?

A

Tibia, fibula and talus

71
Q

ANKLE : PLANTAR FLEXION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

gastrocnemius & soleus

movement: sagittal plane

72
Q

ANKLE : DORSI FLEXION : AGONIST

Movement?

A

tibialis anterior

movement: sagittal plane

73
Q

What is a practical example of the ANKLE?

A

E.G: contemporary dancers use their feet to shape bodily movements. concentrically plantar flexing of the ankle joint creates a fully extended finish to the leg

74
Q

What plane is flexion in ?

A

sagittal

75
Q

What plane is extension in ?

A

sagittal

76
Q

What plane is adduction in ?

A

frontal

77
Q

What plane is abduction in ?

A

frontal

78
Q

What plane is medial rotation in ?

A

transverse

79
Q

What plane is lateral rotation in ?

A

transverse

80
Q

What plane in horizontal flexion in ?

A

transverse

81
Q

What plane in horizontal extension in ?

A

transverse

82
Q

What are the three muscle types ?

A
  • slow oxidative (type 1)
  • fast oxidative (type 2a)
  • fast glycolytic (type 2b)
83
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • store oxygen in MYOGLOBIN
  • produce OXYGEN in the MITOCHONDRIA
  • work AEROBICALLY
  • produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue
  • e.g. marathon
84
Q

What are fast oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • produce large amounts of force quickly
  • have the capacity to resist fatigue
  • e.g. 800m
85
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • work anaerobically
  • large stores of PHOSPHOCREATINE
  • fatigue quickly
  • e.g. 100m
86
Q

What is a MOTOR NEURON ?

A

a NERVE CELL which transmits a NERVE IMPULSE to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES

87
Q

What is a MOTOR UNIT ?

A

a MOTOR NEURON and the MUSCLE FIBRE stimulated by its AXON

88
Q

What is ACTION POTENTIAL?

A

POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE inside the NERVE and MUSCLE CELL which conducts the NERVE IMPULSE down the NEURON and into the MUSCLE FIBRE

89
Q

What is a NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION ?

A

where the axon’s MOTOR END PLATES meets the MUSCLE FIBRE

90
Q

What is a SYNAPTIC CLEF ?

A

the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre

91
Q

What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?

A

a CHEMICAL produced that carries the ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across the SYNAPTIC CLEF and to the MUSCLE FUBRE

92
Q

What is ACETYLCHOLINE

A

the NEURONTRANSMITTER used at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

93
Q

What are the 6 steps of the all or none law?

A
  1. nerve impulse initaited in the motor neuron cell body
  2. nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potenial to the synaptic cleft
  3. neurotransmitter acetylcholine is secreted intop synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
  4. if the electrical charge is above the threshold, the muscle fibre type will contract
  5. This happens in an ‘all-or-none’ fashion
94
Q

Define MYOGLOBIN

A

a PROTEIN in the muscle responsible for TRANSPORTING OXYGEN to the MITOCHONDRIA

95
Q

Define AEROBIC

A

low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen

96
Q

Define ANAEROBIC

A

high intensity, short-duration exercise without the presence of oxygen

97
Q

Define CAPILLARY

A

a FINE BRANCHING blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein

98
Q

Define PHOSPHOCTREATINE

A

a HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUND store in the muscle cell used as a FUEL for high intensity energy production

99
Q

Name 8 bones in order.

A

cranium not skull

100
Q

Name 10 bones in order

A
101
Q

Name the 8 bones

A
102
Q

N—- I—— initiated in the M—- N—— cell body. N—- I—— is conducted down the A— of the M—- N—— by a nerve action potential.
N—- I—— has to cross the S——- C—-. N————— called A———— makes this happen by being secreted into the S——- C—-. If the E——– I——– is above the required threshold the M—– F—– will C——– at the same time with M——— F—-

A

NERVE IMPULSE initiated in the MOTOR NEURON cell body. NERVE IMPULSE is conducted down the AXON of the MOTOR NEURONE by a nerve action potential.
NERVE IMPULSE has to cross the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. NEUROTRANSMITTER called ACETYCHOLINE makes this happen by being secreted into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. If the ELECTRICAL IMPULSE is above the required threshold the MUSCLE FIBRES will CONTRACT at the same time with MAXIMUM FORCE

a+p and exercise physiology (15 decks)

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