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A+P and Exercise physiology > 7.1 - Energy for exercise > Flashcards

7.1 - Energy for exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose

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2
Q

What is ATP

A

only usable form of energy for muscular contraction

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3
Q

What enzyme breaks ATP down

A

ATPase

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4
Q

What type of reaction is the break down of ATP

A

exothermic

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5
Q

What is left when ATP is broken down

A

ADP and a signle phosphate

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6
Q

What is left when ATP is broken down

A

ADP and a single phosphate

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7
Q

Where is ATP stored

A

muscle cell

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8
Q

Why does ATP have to constantly be resynthesized

A

as ATP- exhausted quickly so to continue exercising- ATP needs to be resynthesised

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9
Q

what reaction occurs to resynthesise ATP

A

endothermic reaction

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10
Q

What happens to the food we eat when it is metabolised?

A

(Food stores as aa, triglycerides and glycogen)
They are converted into a compound know as ATP (universal energy compound)
When ATP is broken down energy is provided for cellular processes, such as digestion, nerve transmission and muscular contraction

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11
Q

What happens in the breakdown of ATP

A

to extract the energy from ATP the enzyme ATPase is released which stimulates the final high energy bond to be broken.
This exothermic contraction releases energy for muscular contraction and ADP

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12
Q

Breakdown of ATP equation and reaction type

A

ATP ->ADP + P + energy
(exothermic reaction)

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13
Q

What happens in the resynthesis of ATP

A

(Doesn’t last long only 2-3 seconds). e.g several seconds of sprinting.
To continue to exercise you need ATP to be resynthesised. Requires endothermic reaction, energy in surrounding area is absorb to rebuild a high energy bond between ADP and a single phosphate

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14
Q

Resynthesis of ATP equation and reaction type

A

ADP + P + energy->ATP
(endothermic reaction)

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15
Q
A

energy
ATPase
2/3
resynthesis
endothermic

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16
Q

Name the 3 energy systems that provide energy for ATP resynthesis

A

-ATP-PC system
-glycolytic system
-aerobic system

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17
Q

When does the ATP-PC system kick in

A

very high-intensity activity

after the first 2 seconds of intense activity depletes original ATP stores

e.g 60m and 100m

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18
Q

Explain why the ATP-PC system kicks in and what happens

A

ATP levels fall dramatically and ADP and P levels rise

triggers release of creatine kinase

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19
Q

What is creatine kinase

A

enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of phosphocreatine

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20
Q

What is creatine phosphate made up of (PC)

A

creatine with a high energy phosphate bond
-stored in muscle cells

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21
Q

Explain how and where the creatine phosphate (PC) is broken down

-what does it do when broken down

A

broken down anaerobically in sarcoplasm

–> releases energy for ATP resynthesis

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22
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM

-type of reaction
-fuel used
-specific site of reaction
-controlling enzyme
-ATP yield
-by products
-intensity
-duration of system

A

anaerobic
PC (phosphocreatine)
sarcoplasm
creatine kinase
1 ATP
no by products
very high intensity
2-10 secs

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23
Q

What is a coupled reaction

A

where products of one reaction are used in another

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24
Q

What are the advantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • no delay of oxygen
  • PC readily available in the muscle cell
    -simple and rapid breakdown of PC
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25
Q

What are the weaknesses of the ATP-PC system

A
  • low ATP yield
  • small PC stores

-> rapid fatigue

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26
Q

When does the glycolytic system kick in

A

high intensity activity after first ten seconds of intense activity exhausts PC stores and ATP levels fall

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27
Q

Name the 2 specific stages in the ATP-PC system

A

(atpase)
ATP ———> ADP + P + energy (EXOthermic)

Energy + P + ADP -> ATP (ENDOthermic)

coupled reaction: breakdown of ATP releases energy which can be used to resynthesise ATP

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28
Q

Explain how the ATP system kicks in in the glycolytic system

A

ADP and P levels rise again and trigger release of phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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29
Q

What is phosphofructokinase

A

enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)

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30
Q

What occurs if glucose levels fall in glycolytic system

A
  • glycogen phosphorylase (GPP) is released, converting glycogen into glucose to maintain its concentration in the blood stream
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31
Q

What is glycogen phosphorylase (GPP)

A

enzyme which catalyses breakdown of stored glycogen

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32
Q

What is the process of the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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33
Q

What does anaerobic glycolysis produce

A

pyruvic acid

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34
Q

What happens when at high intensity exercise and energy extraction from pyruvic acid cant continue

A
  • lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is released
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35
Q

What is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

A

enzyme which catalyses conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid

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36
Q

How does muscle fatigue occur in glycolytic system

A

anaerobic glycolysis frees only about 5% of potential energy

lactic acid levels rise

PH in muscle cells decreases -> inhibits enzymes

prevents further breakdown of fuel and ATP resynthesis causing muscle fatigue

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37
Q

What is the point where blood lactate levels significantly rise

A

OBLA

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38
Q

Give the equation for the breakdown of glucose in the glycolytic system

A

glucose –> pyruvic acid + energy

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39
Q

Give the equation for lactic acid production in the glycolytic system

A

Pyruvic acid –> lactic acid

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40
Q

Give the equation for the resythnthesis of ATP in the glycolytic system

A

energy + 2P + 2ADP —> 2ATP

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41
Q

Give the equation for the breakdown of ATP in the glycolytic system

A

ATP —> ADP + P + energy from muscular contraction

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42
Q

When does the aerobic system kick in

A

low-moderate intensity activity

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43
Q

Name the three stages in the aerobic system

A
  • aerobic glycolysis
  • kerbs cycle
  • electron transport chain
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44
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis in the sarcoplasm do

A

converts glucose into pyruvic acid with enzyme PFK catalysing the reaction

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45
Q

Meaning of aerobic glycolysis

A

releases enough energy to resynthesise two moles of ATP

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46
Q

What occurs when converting glycogen into glucose in aerobic glycolysis

A

maintains process for extended periods of time, oxygen is now in sufficient supply, pyruvic acid is no longer converted into lactic acid. Link reaction occurs catalysed by coenzyme A (produces acetyl CoA), allows access to mitochondria

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47
Q

Describe what occurs in the Krebs cycle

A
  • acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid -> citric acid,

this is oxidised through reactions.

CO2, hydrogen and enough energy to resynthesise 2 moles of ATP are released. Occurs in matrix of mitochondria

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48
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM
-type of reaction
-fuel used
-specific site of reaction
-controlling enzyme
-ATP yield
-by products
-intensity
-duration of system

A

-anaerobic reaction
-glycogen/ glucose
-sarcoplasm
-GPP, PFK, LDH
-2 ATP
-lactic acid
-high intensity
-10-180 secs

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49
Q

What are the 3 strengths of the glycolytic system

A

-no delay for oxygen- anaerobic
-fast fuel breakdown for ATP resynthesis
-provides energy for high-intesnity actvities

50
Q

What are the 2 weakness of the glycolytic system

A

-relatively low ATP yield
-fatiguing by-product

51
Q

Meaning of the krebs cycle

A

2nd stage of aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 2 ATP in mitochondrial matrix

52
Q

Meaning of anaerobic glycolysis

A

partial breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid

53
Q

Meaning of electron transport chain

A

3rd stage of aerobic system producing energy to resynthesise 34 ATP in mitochondrial cristae

54
Q

What is ATP made up of

A

-1 adenosine molecule
-3 phosphate groups

55
Q

What occurs in terms of ATP to create muscle contraction

A

-ADENOSINE-PHOSPHATE-PHOSPHATE->PHOSPHATE

-bond in between last two phopshate groups (one with arrow) is where energy is stored

-this bond is broken down by ATPase

-this releases energy -> muscle contraction

56
Q

Give an example of a coupled reaction

A

energy from exothermic reaction is used in endothermic reaction

57
Q

How is the resynthesis of ATP achieved

A

-achived by 3 energy systems:
-ATP/ PC
-glycoltyic
-aerobic glycolysis

-

58
Q

How is ATP resynthesised using the ATP-PC system

A

-CREATINE- ENERGY- PHOPSHATE

-enzyme creatine kinase breaks bond between creatine & phosphate- releasing energy

-energy released reconnects free phosphate to adenosine diphosphate to resynthesise ATP

-ADENOSINE- PHOSPHATE- PHOSPHATE- ENERGY- PHOSPHATE

59
Q

What is the energy continuum

A

contribution of each energy system to overall energy production

60
Q

What is intermittent exercise

A

activity where the intensity alternates, either during interval training between work & relief intervals or during a game with breaks of play

61
Q

Give an example of intermittent exercise

A

rugby player who is required to alternate between various modes of activity; standing, walking, running, jumping

62
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM
-type of reaction
-site of reaction
-food fuel used
-controlling enzyme
-ATP yield
-specific stages
-by-products
-intensity of activity
-duration of system

A

-aerobic (with oxygen)
-sarcoplasm
-glycogen
-GPP, PFK, lipase, co-enzyme A
-1 mole of glycogen yields 38 mole of ATP (1:38)
-aerobic glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
-co2, h2o
-low/moderate intensity
-3 mins +

63
Q

What energy system is present duing high intensity activites lasting <10 secs

A

-ATP-PC system is predominant

64
Q

What energy system is present duing high intensity activites lasting 10 secs to 3 mins

A

glycolytic system is predominant

65
Q

What energy system is present duing low-moderate intensity activites lasting >3 mins

A

aerobic system is predominant

66
Q

What is threshold

A

when an athletes predominant energy production moves from one energy system to another

-e.g. netballer uses atp-pc system to receive ball on centre pass, but uses glycoltyic system when man marking

67
Q

Explain what happens in the ATP-PC system during very high intensity exercise

A

-atp levels fall

-adp & p levels rise

-triggers release of creatine kinase (breaks down PC in sarcoplasm)

-for every mole of PC broke down, 1 mole of ATP is resynthesised

-this forms a coupled reaction

68
Q

Explain what happens in the glycolytic system during high intensity exercise

A

after first 10 secs of intense activity -> PC & ATP levels fall

-triggers release or phosphofructokinase (PFK) -> catalyses next avaliable
fuel: glucose

-if glucose levels fall (GPP) breaksdown storedglycogen -> converting it into glucose

-breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen -> anaerobic glycolysis -> productuon of pyruvic acid

-at high intensity oxygen is not avaliable to continue energy extraction -> LDH is released

-LDH converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid

69
Q

Explain what happens in the aerobic system duriny low to moderate exercise

A

aerobic glycolysis in sarcoplasm converts glucose -> pyruvic acid (PFK catlalyses reaction)

-converting glycogen into glucose by GPP maintains this process for long periods of time

-oxygen is in sufficient supply -> pyrivic acid doesnt convert into lactic acid

-goes through link reaction catalysed by coenzyme A -> acetyl coA

krebs cycle
-acetyl coA combines with oxloacetic acid -> citric acid

70
Q

Give the coupled reaction of PC breakdown and ATP resynthesis within the ATP-PC system

A

PC ——————-> P + C + energy
creatine kinase
(EXOTHERMIC reaction)

ADP + P + energy —–> ATP
(ENDOTHERMIC REACTION)

71
Q

Explain the reaction that occurs in the glycolytic system

A

glycogen—> glucose –> pyruvic acid —> lactic acid
GPP PFK LDH

72
Q

Explain the reaction that occurs in the aerobic system

A

glycogen—> glucose –> pyruvic acid—–> acetyl coA
GPP PFK

—> citric acid —>krebs cycle —> electron transport chain

73
Q

What is Metabolism

A

A chemical process that occur within a cell to maintain life. Some substances are broken down to provide energy whilst others are re-synthesised to store energy.

74
Q

What is ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ATP ?

A

a high-energy compound which is the only immediately available SOURCE OF ENERGY for MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

75
Q

What at ATPase ?

A

an ENZYME which catalyses the BREAKDOWN of ATP

76
Q

What is an EXOTHERMIC REACTION ?

A

a reaction that releases energy

77
Q

What is ADENSONE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) ?

A

a compound formed by the REMOVAL of a PHOSPHATE BOND from ATp
ATP->ADP+P+energy

78
Q

What is an ENDOTHERMIC REACTION ?

A

a chemical reaction which absorbs energy

79
Q

What is CREATINE KINASE ?

A

an enzyme which catalyses the BREAKDOWN of PHOSPHOCREATINE

80
Q

what is sarcoplasm

A

the cystoplasm are fluid within the muscle cell that holds stores of PC, glyocogen and myoglobin

81
Q

what is sarcoplasm

A

the cystoplasm are fluid within the muscle cell that holds stores of PC, glyocogen and myoglobin

82
Q

What is a COUPLED REACTION ?

A

where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction

83
Q

What are the 3 energy systems ?

A
  • ATP-PC system
  • glycolytic system
  • aerobic system
84
Q

What is PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE (PFK)

A

an ENZYME which catalyses the BREAKDOWN of GLUCOSE (glycolysis)

85
Q

What is the full name of the enzyme PFK ?

A

PHOSPHO - FRUCTO - KINASE

86
Q

What is ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS ?

A

the partial breakdown of glucose into PYRUVIC ACID

87
Q

What is LACTATE DEHYGROGENASE (LDH) ?

A

an ENZYME which catalyses the CONVERSION of PYRUVIC ACID into LACTIC ACID

88
Q

What is the full name of the enzyme LDH ?

A

LACTATE DE - HYDRO - GENASE

89
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION

A

anaerobic

90
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : SITE

A

sarcoplasm

91
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL

A

phosphocreatine

92
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : ENZYMES

A

creatine kinase

93
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD

A

1 : 1

94
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : STAGES

A

PC –> P + C + energy (EXOTHERMIC)

energy + P + ADP (ENDOTHERMIC)

95
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : BY-PRODUCTS

A

none

96
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : INTENSITY

A

very high intensity

97
Q

ATP-PC SYSTEM : DURATION

A

2 - 10 secs

98
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION

A

anaerobic

99
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : SITE

A

sarcoplasm

100
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : FOOD FUEL USED

A

glycogen / glucose

101
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : ENZYME

A

PFK and LDH

102
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : YIELD

A

1 : 2

103
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : STAGES

A

anaerobic glycolysis: glycogen -> glucose -> pyruvic acid + energy

lactate pathway: pyruvic acid -> lactic acid

energy + 2P + 2ADP -> 2ATP (ENDOTHERMIC)

104
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : BY-PRODUCTS

A

lactic acid

105
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : INTENSITY

A

high intensity

106
Q

GLYCOLYTIC SYSTEM : DURATION

A

10s - 3min (peak at 1min)

107
Q

What is the KREB’S CYCLE ?

A

the SECOND STAGE of the aerobic system producing energy to RESYNTHESISE 2 ATP in the MITOCHONDRIA MATRIX

108
Q

What is the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) ?

A

the THIRD STAGE of the aerobic system producing energy to RESYNTHESISE 34 ATP in the MITOCHONDRIA CRISTAE

109
Q

What is the ENERGY CONTINUUM ?

A

relative CONTRIBUTION of each energy system to overall EVERY PRODUCTION depending on INTENSITY and DURATION of the activity

110
Q

PREDOMINANT ENERGY SYSTEM…
intensity = very high
duration = < 10 secs

A

ATP-PC system

111
Q

PREDOMINANT ENERGY SYSTEM…
intensity = high
duration = 10s - 3min

A

Glycolytic system

112
Q

PREDOMINANT ENERGY SYSTEM…
intensity = low-moderate
duration = > 3 mins

A

Aerobic system

113
Q

What is INTERMITTENT EXERCISE ?

A

activity where the INTENSITY alternates either during…

  • interval training = work : relief intervals
  • game = breaks of play
114
Q

What is a THRESHOLD ?

A

the point at which an athlete’s PREDOMINANT energy production moves from one energy system to another

115
Q

What are WORK : RELIEF PERIODS ?

A

the VOLUME of RELIEF in relation to the VOLUME of WORK PERFORMED

116
Q

How do RECOVERY PERIODS affect thresholds ?

A

anaerobic activities = ATP-PC and Glycolytic = quickly replenished = breaks aid recovery (basketball)

117
Q

How does FITNESS LEVEL affect thresholds ?

A
  • high VO2 Max
  • efficient cardiovascular
  • increases INTENSITY
  • increased BUFFERING CAPACITY
  • better LACTIC ACID removal
  • O2 arrival earlier
  • FFA demand is met
  • increases DURATION
118
Q

What are the other factors that affect energy production ?

A
  • position of the player
  • tactics and strategies
  • level of competition
  • structure of the game
119
Q

How does POSITION OF THE PLAYER affect energy systems ?

A
  • goalkeeper = aerobic

- atp-pc for dives, kicks, defense

120
Q

How do TACTICS AND STRATEGIES affect energy systems ?

A
  • man-man marking = increased intensity = anaerobic systems
121
Q

How does LEVEL OF COMPETITION affect energy systems ?

A
  • tough competition = increased intensity = anaerobic systems
122
Q

How does the STRUCTURE OF THE GAME affect energy systems ?

A
  • field games = large pitch = increased duration = decreased intensity = aerobic system

A+P and Exercise physiology (15 decks)

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