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Biology Y12 > Mitosis and meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome

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2
Q

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

PMAT

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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4
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

DNA/organelle replication, protein synthesis, chromosomes aren’t visible

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5
Q

Why does DNA replication need to happen before mitosis?

A

There needs to be 2 sets of information for both daughter cells that will be produced

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6
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A
  • Tissue growth/repair
  • Production of genetically identical daughter cells
  • Growth of zygotes
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7
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense (visible), nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibres form

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8
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Spindle fibres attach to centromeres and move sister chromatids to the equator

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9
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres contract, centromeres divide (forms 2 separate sister chromatids), sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles, identical chromosomes at each pole

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10
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Sister chromatids have reached poles, spindle fibres break down, new nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes, chromosomes uncondense

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11
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Large mass of cells produced by uncontrollable cell division

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12
Q

How does chemotherapy treat cancer?

A

Interferes with interphase - prevents synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication

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13
Q

How do prokaryotes replicate?

A

Binary fission

  1. DNA/plasmids replicate
  2. Cell gets bigger
  3. DNA/plasmids move to opposite poles
  4. Cytoplasm divides
  5. New cell wall forms

Daughter cells have 1 copy of circular DNA and variable copies of plasmid DNA

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14
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  1. Host cell specific to attachment proteins
  2. DNA/RNA injected into host cell
  3. Host cell uses own ribosomes/enzymes to replicate viruses
  4. Viruses released from host cell
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15
Q

What is chromosome non-disjunction?

A

Homologous chromosomes/sister chromatids aren’t separated during meiosis

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16
Q

What is the result of chromosome non-disjunction?

A

One gamete will have an extra chromosome, one gamete will have one less chromosome

17
Q

Haploid and diploid definition

A

Haploid (n) = contains 1 copy of each chromosome

Diploid (2n) = contains 2 copies of each chromosome

18
Q

What happens during meiosis I?

A

Centromere DOESNT split, homologous pairs are separated

19
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

Centromere splits, sister chromatids separated

20
Q

Crossing over definition

A

Pieces of DNA are exchanged between a bivalent to form a chasma chiasmata

21
Q

What is the result of crossing over?

A

2 daughter cells will have recombiant chromosomes, 2 daughter cells will have non-recombiant chromosomes

22
Q

What happens during independent segregation?

A

2 possibilities, 1 is random

23
Q

What process is n –> n or 2n –> 2n?

A

Mitosis

24
Q

What process is 2n –> n?

A

Meiosis

25
Q

What process is n –> 2n?

A

Fertilisation

26
Q

What are the 5 differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis
*Results in diploid daughter cells
*Homologous chromosomes don’t pair
*No crossing over of chromosomes
*1 division, 2 daughter cells produced
*Genetically identical cells produced

Meiosis
*Results in haploid daughter cells
*Homologous chromosomes associate in pairs
*Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
*2 divisions, 4 daughter cells produced
*Genetically different daughter cells produced

27
Q

Are interphase, DNA replication, end of meiosis I and end of meiosis II haploid or diploid?

A

Interphase: diploid
DNA replication: diploid
End of meiosis I: haploid
End of meiosis II: haploid

Biology Y12 (13 decks)

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