Test #1 Flashcards
Define matter (& three types):
Anything that has mass and takes up space; all matter is composed of elements and all elements are composed of atoms
1) Solid (definite shape & volume)
2) Liquid (indefinite shape, definite volume
3) Gas (indefinite shape & volume)
Define atomic number:
The number of protons an atom has (equal to the number of electrons); written as subscript to the left: “3Li”
Define atomic mass:
Protons & neutrons combined; written as superscript to the left: “7Li”
Define isotope:
An element that has a different number of neutrons than the same base element
Define molecule:
General terms for two or more atoms chemically bonded together (H2)
Define compound:
A specific molecule that has two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together (e.g., H2 doesn’t count, C6H12O6 does)
Define mixture (& 3 types):
Matter that is intermixed are not chemically bonded
1) solution (air; doesn’t scatter light, doesn’t settle)
2) colloid (jell-o; scatters light, doesn’t settle)
3) suspension (blood; scatters light, settles)
Define ion:
An atom that has lost or gained an electron (electron no longer matches the protons)
Define anion:
Negatively charge ion (has gained an electron)
Define cation:
Positively charged ion (has lost an electron)
Define pH:
The measurement of H+ ions; more H+ the more acidic; logarithmic
Define neutralization reaction:
When a base neutralizes an acid; salt is the result; this is an exchange/displacement chemical reaction
Define buffer:
Something that prevents swings in pH; converts strong acids or bases to weak ones; releases H+ if pH rises, binds H+ if pH falls
Cell drawing
1) membrane
2) nucleus
3) cytoplasm
a) organelles (little organs)
b) cytosol (the fluid that holds everything together)
c) inclusions (e.g., melanin)
4)Electrochemical gradient (- - - inside. +++ outside)
a) inside K+, AA- -, PO4 -2
b) outside Na+, Cl-
Structural organization of the body
1) chemicals, 2) cells, 3) tissue, 4) organs, 5) organ systems, 6) organism
Requirements for life/necessary life functions
1) maintaining boundaries
2) movement - skeletal muscle (s.n.s), cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (a.n.s.)
3) responsiveness
4) digestion
5) metabolism - sums up all chemical reactions (catabolism - breaking down molecules; anabolism - synthesis of molecules)
6) excretion
7) reproduction
8) growth
Five survival needs
1) nutrients
2) oxygen
3) water
4) normal body temp
5) appropriate atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite a changing external environment
Homeostatic control diagram
1) stimulus (change in variable), 2) receptor (detects the change), 3) input, 4) output, 5) response
1) receptor, control center, effector
Effector organs
1) skeletal muscle (s.n.s), 2) cardiac muscle, 3) smooth muscle, glands (a.n.s.)