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Anatomy & Physiology I > Test #4 & Lab Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #4 & Lab Test #2 Flashcards

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24
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Two principal parts (location & function) (ESSAY QUESTION)

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Two principal parts
—CNS - sensory
——–brain and spinal cord; integration & control center
——–Interprets sensory inputs & dictates motor output
—PNS - motor
——-outside of the skull and vertebrae - spinal & cranial nerves
——-communication lines between CNS and the rest of the body

Two functional divisions
—Afferent - sensory/CNS
—Efferent - motor/PNS

25
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Neuroglia cells (ESSAY QUESTION***)

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Two types of cells
—Neurons - excitable cells that transmit electrical signals; extreme longevity
—Neuroglial - non-excitable cells, protection

CNS
—Oligodendrocyte - forms myelin; cannot regenerate
—Microglial - immunity, transform to phagocyte microorganisms and neuronal debris
——-Immune system is denied access to CNS
—Astrocytes (perivascular feet) - blood brain barrier, most abundant
——-Support and brace neurons
——-Plays a role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
——-Guide migration of young neurons to form synapses
——-Control chemical environment around neurons
—Ependymal (cilated) - lining ventricles (central cavities of the brain and spinal column) and circulates CSF

PNS
—Schwann cells - form myelin similar to oligodendrocytes; vital to regeneration
——-Neurilemma - outermost layer of Schwann cell
—Satellite cell - similar to astrocytes

26
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Ependymal cell (ESSAY QUESTION)

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CNS neuroglia cell - cilated, lining ventricles (central cavities of the brain and spinal column) and circulates CSF

27
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What type of sensory neuron (structural classification) is found in the reflex arc? Where is the cell body located?

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Pseudo-unipolar found in the reflex arc; in the DRG

28
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What type of neuron activates an effector?

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Motor

29
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How many neurons from spinal cord to effector organ?

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Autonomic nerve to involuntary muscles and glands (two nerves), somatic nerve to voluntary (one nerve)

30
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Which neurons have cell bodies inside the spinal cord in the reflex arc?

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Association & motor

31
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Which neuron lies entirely in the CNS?

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Association

32
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Describe the cerebrum, cerebellum & brain stem (ESSAY QUESTION)

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Largest hemisphere; known as the “executive suite”, involved in higher processing
Four subdivisions (names and functions of each)
—Frontal lobe - motor, intelligence, abstract thinking
—Parietal lobe - general sensation
—Temporal lobe - auditory
—Occipital lobe - vision

Cerebellum - coordination and balance

Brain stem - automatic behaviors for survival
—Midbrain - optic and auditory reflex
—Pons - diaphragm respiration
—MO - heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure

33
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Visceral vs. simple reflex arc (ESSAY QUESTION)

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Same five steps throughout

1) The sensory neurons travel together; both go to dorsal horn; pseudo-unipolar and located in the DRG in each
2) In the simple arc the motor neuron is singular and comes from the ventral horn
3) In the visceral arc the motor neuron is doubled: preganglionic coming from the lateral horn, and postganglionic outside of the spinal cord

34
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Five components of the simple reflex arc (and visceral) (ESSAY QUESTION)

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1) Receptor (in viscera)
2) Sensory neuron (visceral sensory neuron)
3) Integration center
4) Motor neuron (two-neuron chain; pre- and post-ganglionic)
5) Effector (visceral effector)

35
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Plexuses (ESSAY QUESTION)

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1) Cervical C1-C4 - phrenic (diaphragm/respiratory)
2) Brachial C5-T1 - median (carpal tunnel), radial (wrist drop), ulna (“funny bone”)
3) Lumbar L1-L4 - femoral (quadriceps), obturator (adductors)
4) Sacral L4-S4 - sciatic (tibial and common fibular [common peroneal] foot drop)

36
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Two regions of a neuron

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—Cell body: clusters: nucleus (CNS), ganglion (PNS)
—Myelinated axons: clusters: tracts (CNS), nerves (PNS)

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Anatomy & Physiology I (5 decks)

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