Test #1

Question 1

Define matter (& three types):

Answer 1

Anything that has mass and takes up space; all matter is composed of elements and all elements are composed of atoms
1) Solid (definite shape & volume)
2) Liquid (indefinite shape, definite volume
3) Gas (indefinite shape & volume)

Question 2

Define atomic number:

Answer 2

The number of protons an atom has (equal to the number of electrons); written as subscript to the left: “3Li”

Question 3

Define atomic mass:

Answer 3

Protons & neutrons combined; written as superscript to the left: “7Li”

Question 4

Define isotope:

Answer 4

An element that has a different number of neutrons than the same base element

Question 5

Define molecule:

Answer 5

General terms for two or more atoms chemically bonded together (H2)

Question 6

Define compound:

Answer 6

A specific molecule that has two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together (e.g., H2 doesn’t count, C6H12O6 does)

Question 7

Define mixture (& 3 types):

Answer 7

Matter that is intermixed are not chemically bonded
1) solution (air; doesn’t scatter light, doesn’t settle)
2) colloid (jell-o; scatters light, doesn’t settle)
3) suspension (blood; scatters light, settles)

Question 8

Define ion:

Answer 8

An atom that has lost or gained an electron (electron no longer matches the protons)

Question 9

Define anion:

Answer 9

Negatively charge ion (has gained an electron)

Question 10

Define cation:

Answer 10

Positively charged ion (has lost an electron)

Question 11

Define pH:

Answer 11

The measurement of H+ ions; more H+ the more acidic; logarithmic

Question 12

Define neutralization reaction:

Answer 12

When a base neutralizes an acid; salt is the result; this is an exchange/displacement chemical reaction

Question 13

Define buffer:

Answer 13

Something that prevents swings in pH; converts strong acids or bases to weak ones; releases H+ if pH rises, binds H+ if pH falls

Question 14

Cell drawing

Answer 14

1) membrane
2) nucleus
3) cytoplasm
a) organelles (little organs)
b) cytosol (the fluid that holds everything together)
c) inclusions (e.g., melanin)
4)Electrochemical gradient (- - - inside. +++ outside)
a) inside K+, AA- -, PO4 -2
b) outside Na+, Cl-

Question 15

Structural organization of the body

Answer 15

1) chemicals, 2) cells, 3) tissue, 4) organs, 5) organ systems, 6) organism

Question 16

Requirements for life/necessary life functions

Answer 16

1) maintaining boundaries
2) movement - skeletal muscle (s.n.s), cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (a.n.s.)
3) responsiveness
4) digestion
5) metabolism - sums up all chemical reactions (catabolism - breaking down molecules; anabolism - synthesis of molecules)
6) excretion
7) reproduction
8) growth

Question 17

Five survival needs

Answer 17

1) nutrients
2) oxygen
3) water
4) normal body temp
5) appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 18

Homeostasis

Answer 18

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite a changing external environment

Question 19

Homeostatic control diagram

Answer 19

1) stimulus (change in variable), 2) receptor (detects the change), 3) input, 4) output, 5) response

1) receptor, control center, effector

Question 20

Effector organs

Answer 20

1) skeletal muscle (s.n.s), 2) cardiac muscle, 3) smooth muscle, glands (a.n.s.)

Question 21

Anatomical position

Answer 21

Feet slightly apart, erect spine, hands at side with thumbs pointing away from body

Question 22

Regions of the body

Answer 22

Posterior:

Question 23

Regions of the body

Answer 23

Anterior:

Question 24

Directional words

Answer 24

Superior/cranal vs inferior/caudal, anterior/ventral vs posterior/dorsal, medial vs lateral vs intermediate, proximal vs distal, superficial vs deep

Question 25

Planes

Answer 25

Sagittal (L/R), frontal/coronal (F/B), transverse/horizontal (superior/inferior), oblique (non 90 degree)

Question 26

Two main body cavities

Answer 26

Dorsal (cranial, spinal/vertebral), ventral (thoracic [pleural, pericardial], abdominopelvic [abdominal, pelvic])

Question 27

Membranes

Answer 27

1) mucous (opens to external), 2) cutaneous (skin), serous (ventral cavity): visceral/parietal pleural, visceral/parietal pericardial, visceral/parietal peritoneum, falciform ligament, omentum, mesentry

Question 28

Four abdomial reigons

Answer 28

ULQ, URQ, LLQ, LRQ (appendix)

Question 29

Nine abdomen reigons

Answer 29

R. hypochondriac, epigastric, L. hypochondriac
R. lumbar, umbilical, L. lumbar
R. illiac, hypogastric, L. illiac

Question 30

Organ systems

Answer 30

1) integumentary (vit. D synth), 2) skeletal (stores calcium/other minerals, produces blood cells), 3) muscular (creates heat), 4) digestive, 5) urinary/renal, 6) cardiovascular, 7) respiratory, 8) endocrine, 9) lymphatic (immunity, picks up fluid), 10) reproductive, 11) nervous (fast-acting)

Question 31

Four major elements

Answer 31

ONCH - oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen; make up 96% of body

Question 32

Atom & subdivision characteristics

Answer 32

Nucleus - protons (+; 1amu) & neutrons (~; 1 amu; Shell - electrons (-; 0 amu)

Question 33

Define energy

Answer 33

The capability to do work

Question 34

Types & forms of energy

Answer 34

Types: 1) kinetic (energy in action), 2) potential (inactive/stored)
Forms: 1) chemical, 2) electrical, 3) mechanical, 4) radiant/electromagnetic

Question 35

Chemical bonds (& three types)

Answer 35

Energy relationships between electrons

1) ionic (give/take electrons; e.g., acids, bases, salts)
2) covalent (sharing electrons; strongest)
2a) share equally = non-polar/electrically balanced (DOES NOT dissolve in water)
2b) share unequally = polar/electrically imbalanced (dissolves in water)
3) hydrogen (weakest; e.g., water strider walking on water because of the high surface tension of water)

Question 36

Significance of electrons

Answer 36

Involved in all chemical reactions

Question 37

Octet rule

Answer 37

Atoms want a complete valence shell (eight electrons; inert valence vs reactive valence)

Question 38

Chemical reactions (& three types)

Answer 38

When chemical bonds are made, broken, or rearranged

1) synthesis (anabolic reaction, endergonic [absorption of energy], dehydration synthesis; products have MORE potential energy than reactants)
2) decomposition (catabolic & oxidative reactions, exergonic [release of energy], hydrolysis; products have LESS potential energy than reactants)
3) exchange/displacement

Question 39

Speed of reactions (three things)

Answer 39

1) the size of the particle (smaller particles increase rate)
2) temperature (higher temp usually increases rate of reaction)
3) concentration of reactants (increased concentration increases rate of reaction)

Question 40

Organic/inorganic compounds?

Answer 40

Anything with C is organic (exception: CO and CO2)

Question 41

Four main organic compounds, what are they composed of?

Answer 41

Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Polymers & monomers - broken down by hydrolysis, built by dehydration synthesis

Polymer/monomer examples - glycogen (polysaccharide in animals) breaks down to glucose; starch (polysaccharide in plants) breaks down to glucose; protein breaks down to amino acids

Question 42

Properties of water

Answer 42

60-80% of all living cells (most abundant)

1) High heat capacity - ability to absorb and release heat with little temperature change; prevents sudden temperature changes
2) High heat vaporization - evaporation requires large amounts of heat; useful as a cooling mechanism
3) Polar solvent properties - dissolves and dissociates ionic substances (but not the ions themselves); body’s major transport medium
4) Reactivity - necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
5) Cushioning

Question 43

Electrolytes

Answer 43

Conduct electricity in water (e.g., acid, base, salt)

Question 44

Effector organ response

Answer 44

Negative feedback (decreases the stimulus), positive feedback (increases the stimulus (only found in labor contractions, suckling, blood clotting)

Question 45

ATP

Answer 45

Adenosine triphosphate - main energy currency of the body; energy from broken down glucose stored here; three phosphate bonds can be hydrolyzed for energy (ATP -> ADP -> AMP)

Question 46

Four main organic compounds: carbohydrates

Answer 46

Saccharides

Monosaccharides (hexagonal/pentagonal)
Hexose
1) glucose
2) fructose (pentose)
3) galactose
Pentose
4) ribose
5) deoxyribose

Disaccharides (dual monosaccharides)
GF (glucose, fructose) - sucrose
GG - (glucose, galactose) - lactose
GG (glucose, glucose) - maltose

Polysaccharides (chain shape)
E.g., glycogen, starch, etc.

Question 47

Four main organic compounds: proteins

Answer 47

Polymers of amino acid monomers held together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds, can act as acid or base, 20-30% cell mass, most varied functions of any molecules (1. structural [e.g. collagen - most abundant protein in body], 2. enzyme, 3. transport [e.g., hemoglobin, transports oxygen in blood], 4. contractile, 5. communication, 6. defense), fibrous (strand-like, water insoluble and stable) vs globular (compact, spherical, water soluble, sensitive to environmental changes [denaturation - unfold from 3D, active sites become inactive])

Structure levels
1) primary - sequence of amino acids form the polypeptide chain
2) secondary - primary chains form a-helices or b-sheets
3) tertiary - helices or chains fold into compact globular molecules
4) quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form functional proteins

Question 48

Four main organic compounds: lipids (& four types)

Answer 48

Insoluble in water

1) triglycerides - main function to store energy; three fatty acids to one glycerol; saturated has no double bond, unsaturated has double bond and a kink
2) phospholipids - one glycerol and two fatty acids, one w/double bond and kink, plus a phosphorus containing head (head is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic)
3) steroids - most important is cholesterol, made in the liver; shape of four interlocking rings
4) eicosanoids - e.g., prostaglandins (blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammation, labor contractions)

Question 49

Four main organic compounds: nucleic acids (& three types of RNA)

Answer 49

Made up of the monomer nucleotide joined at the phosphate bases, RNA (single strand, ribose carb, A-U pair, caries out order for protein synthesis), DNA (double stranded, deoxyribose carb, A-T pair, hydrogen bonds occur between nitrogenous bases)

Types of RNA
1) messenger
2) transfer
3) ribosomal

Question 50

Chemical bonding essay question

Answer 50

Energy relationships between electrons (electrons involved in all chemical reactions)

1) Ionic bonding - give/take electrons, i.e. salts, acids, bases; atoms that give up electron become +ve cations, atoms that give up electron become -ve anions; cations and anions may bind together in ionic bonds

2) Covalent bonding - can happen when both atoms need electrons; allows each atom to fill its valence shell at least part of the time; single/double/triple covalent bonds (2/4/6 electrons shared); may share equally or unequally as determined by electronegativity (if EN is same then they share equally/if different they share unequally) - equal is non-polar: does not dissolve in water, electrically balanced; unequal is polar, dissolves in water, electrically imbalanced
C=0=C (CO2; carbon dioxide is non-polar)
0 (-)/H(+)\H(+) (H20; water is polar and dipole)

3) Hydrogen - individually weak, collectively strong; combine to support the structure of complex molecules (DNA, proteins, etc.) but does don’t bind atoms into molecules; forms between polar molecules; common between dipoles; influences how water molecules behave

Question 51

Define energy conversion

Answer 51

Energy results in lost energy, in the form of heat, which is unusable.

Question 52

Define catalyst

Answer 52

Catalysts increase rate of reaction without becoming part of the product; e.g., enzymes are biological catalysts (lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction)