Wildland- Ground Cover Fires.

Question 1

LACES

Answer 1

Lookout
Anchor Point
Communication
Escape route
Safety zone

Question 2

Breakover

Answer 2

A fire edge that crosses a control line or natural barrier intended to confine the fire.

Question 3

Candling

Answer 3

When a single tree ignites and flares up from the bottom to the top.

Question 4

Crowning

Answer 4

A fire ascending into the crowns of trees and spreading from crown to crown.

Question 5

Lookout

Answer 5

A person designated to observe the fire or a portion of a fire and warn the crew when there are changes.

Question 6

Topography

Answer 6

The land surface configuration

Question 7

Torching

Answer 7

When a small clump of trees’ folliage ignites and flairs up.

Question 8

Three types of wildland fires.

Answer 8

Ground fire.
Surface fire.
Crown fire.

Question 9

Wildland Fire Behaviour Triange:

Answer 9

Weather, Topography, Fuel.

Question 10

Wild land fuel can be classified into how many main categories.

Answer 10

2; Dead and live.

Question 11

What is the single most important factor that determines fire behaviour in wildland?

Answer 11

Fuel moisture content.

Question 12

Four variables that influence fire weather are:

Answer 12

Relative humidity, temperature, wind, precipitation.

Question 13

The actual amount of water vapour in the air compared to what it could hold is:

Answer 13

Relative humidity.

Question 14

What is RH considered a humid condition?

Answer 14

Greater than 60%

Question 15

Term when temperature in ⁰C and RH in % are equal.

Answer 15

Crossover- extreme fire behavior is likely and control may be impossible.

Question 16

Topography is broken into these 4 major categories:

Answer 16

Aspect, Steepness, Shape of the country, Barriers.

Question 17

Define Aspect.

Answer 17

The direction (of the landscape) with respect to sinlight and wind.

Question 18

Rule-of-thumb for spread increase:

Answer 18

A fire burning uphill on a moderate slope (0-40%) will double in speed when transitioned to a steep slope (40%-70%), and will double again when transitioned to a very steep slope (70%-100%).

Question 19

Fire Danger Rating:

Answer 19

Low: Fires will not start readily and will burn slowly.
Moderate: Rate of fire spread will be moderate, control will not be difficult.
High: Fires will start easily and spread rapidly. Spotting will occur. Direct attack will be difficult.
Extreme: Fire will start readily from all causes, burn intensely, spread rapidly. Control will be confined to the flanks. Direct attack will be unlikely.

Question 20

Parts of a ground cover fire

Answer 20

Area of origin: Where the fire started.
Head: Leading edge, generally most intense flame.
Rear: Opposite of the head. Generally least intense.
Flank: Side of the fire.
Finger: An extention of the fire away from the main body, often from shifting winds or Topo change.
Bay: The space between fingers or between finger and main body.
Island: An unburned area located within the area where the fire has already burned.
Spot Fire: Small fire that starts to burn ahead of the fire, usually a result of stray embers.
Green: The area of unburned fuel around the fire.
Black: Area where the fire has already burned, eliminating most of the fuel.

Question 21

What are the 4 levels of fire status?

Answer 21

Out of control
Being Held
Under Control
Extinguished

Question 22

Two methods of attack:

Answer 22

Direct Attack
Indirect attack

Question 23

Direct attack is:

Answer 23

taking action on the actual burning perimeter of the fires edge. Flanking attack uses a single crew working from an anchor point along one edge. Pincer/Parallel attack uses two crews attacking both edges of the fire.

Question 24

Indirect attack is:

Answer 24

Constructing an anchor line or constructing firebreaks.

Question 25

Examples of Safety zones:

Answer 25

Water sources. Marsh or boggy sites. Large rock areas. Large clearing or areas of sparce fuel. Any area where there is no fuel. The black.

Question 26

What is an anchor point and what are they used for?

Answer 26

Advantageous locations to start or finish fighting a fire, usually are a barrior to fire spread. They are used to prevent a fire from flanking or burning below, around or behind the crew.

Question 27

Equipment carried by CFD for wildland

Answer 27

Backpack hand pumps.
Fire Brooms.
Grass fire kit
2x30m roll 19mm forestry hose
2x14m roll 19mm forestry hose
4 brass nozzles
2x25mm gated wye
2x38mm female-25mm male adapter
Bush buggy with:
400L water
Bumber nozzles
25mm handline and nozzle
forestry tools
Pulaskis