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Clinical Chemistry > Basic Approaches To Automation And Laboratory Apparatus > Flashcards

Basic Approaches To Automation And Laboratory Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

Disadvantage of continuous flow analyzer

A

Parallel test (one sample per test)

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2
Q

Samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

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3
Q

It uses centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

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4
Q

It is capable of running multiple tests-one-sample-at-a-time. It has a random access system. The most popular and versatile. Used forSTAT sample

A

Discrete Analyzer

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5
Q

Advantage of centrifugal analyzer

A

Batch parallel (multiple samples, one gets)

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6
Q

Accelerate gravitational separation of substances differing in their masses

A

Centrifuge

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7
Q

Vertical at rest, horizontal in motion.

A

Swinging bucket/horizontal rotor

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8
Q

Disadvantage of Swinging bucket/horizontal rotor

A

Air friction (slower, poor sediment)

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9
Q

Angle of head rotor

A

25° - 40°

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10
Q

Faster than a swinging bucket due to less air resistance, allows more rapid sedimention

A

Angle/fixed

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11
Q

High speed. Capable of 100,000 rpm. Refrigerated to reduce heat.

A

Ultracentrifuge

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12
Q

For lipemic sample and a reference method of lipoprotein analysis.

A

Ultracentrifuge

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13
Q

What will happen if you re-spin primary tubes?

A

Hemolysis

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14
Q

What will happen if you re-spin SST?

A

Increased potassium

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15
Q

Tachometer, strobe light and timer are used to:

A

Calibrate

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16
Q

Speed test is calibrated every:

A

3 months/quarterly

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17
Q

Disinfection is done:

A

Weekly

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18
Q

It holds a particular volume but does not dispense that exact volume.

A

To contain

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19
Q

It must be rinsed out to deliver the entire content.

A

To contain

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20
Q

Example of to contain pipet

A

Sahli pipets

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21
Q

It dispenses the exact amount

A

To deliver

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22
Q

It drains by gravity and should not be blown out.

A

Volumetric pipettes

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23
Q

They deliver viscous fluids; Has etched ring or a pair of etched.

A

Ostwald-folin pipettes

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24
Q

What kind are the volumetric and ostwald-folin pipettes?

A

Transfer pipettes

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25
Q

Indicator for need to blow out

A

Etched ring

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26
Q

Pipet that can’t be blown out

A

Mohr pipettes

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27
Q

Pipet that is calibrated to the tip and can be blown out.

A

Serologic pipettes

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28
Q

What kind are serologic and Mohr pipettes?

A

Measuring pipette

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29
Q

Example of to deliver pipet

A

Volumetric, Ostwald-folin, Serologic and Mohr pipettes

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30
Q

It relies on the piston for suction. Uses disposable tips. Uses suction to aspirate & dispense sample through polypropylene tip.

A

Air displacement

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31
Q

Most common automatic pipet

A

Air displacement

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32
Q

It operates by moving the piston in the pipet tip or barrel, much like a hypodermic syringe.

A

Positive displacement

33
Q

It lacks air cushion. It can pipette high density samples. The aspiration force remains constant.

A

Positive displacement

34
Q

It has a specific amount of water and is pipetted into a weighed container

A

Gravimetric pipette calibration

35
Q

Uses a dye of known concentration and water

A

Volumetric pipette calibration

36
Q

It is a necessity for every clinical chemistry lab.

A

Fume hood

37
Q

Only safe place to open any container of a material that gives off harmful vapors. Prepare reagents that produce fumes. Heat flammable solvent.

A

Fume hood

38
Q

Changes in analyte concentration occur at different times during the day, week, or month

A

Cyclic variation

39
Q

Variation according to sleeping and waking times

A

Diurnal variation

40
Q

Occurs during a 24-hour period

A

Circadian variation

41
Q

Occurs twice a year; related to seasonal changes in climate and diet

A

Circannual variation

42
Q

Major concern in specimen collection

A

Patient identification, sample identification, and chain of custody

43
Q

It increases during exercise

A

APR, myoglobin, Hb, Creatinine, lactate/lactic acid, CK, LD, AST and Potassium

44
Q

It decreases during exercise

A

Glucose, TAG, Cholesterol

45
Q

It increases in ambulatory patients

A

CK

46
Q

Fist clenching increases:

A

Potassium, lactate and phosphate

47
Q

It increases in recent food ingestion

A

Gastrin, bicarbonate, glucose, TAG, ionized calcium

48
Q

It decreases in recent food ingestion

A

Chloride, phosphorus, potassium,amylase and ALP

49
Q

It increases in high protein

A

Urea/BUN

50
Q

It increases in high protein, low glucose, high TAG

A

Urine and serum ketones

51
Q

Serotonin rich foods

A

Banana
Pineapple
Tomato
Avocado
Coffee

52
Q

In serotonin rich food, an increase of urinary excretion of:

A

5 hydroxyindole acetic acid

53
Q

It increases in alcohol ingestion

A

GGT, AST, ALT, TAG, low glucose

54
Q

Decreases in diuretics

A

Sodium and potassium

55
Q

Deamination product of amino acids

A

Ammonia

56
Q

End product of protein metabolism/amino acid metabolism

A

Urea

57
Q

In thiazides, what disease are found?

A

Hyperglycemia and pre renal azotemia

58
Q

Increase when Standing

A

albumin, cholesterol, aldosterone, Ca2+

59
Q

Elevated when the patient changed from supine to upright:

A

Albumin and calcium

60
Q

Venous occlusion can increase:

A

Calcium

61
Q

Minutes before blood collection to prevent hemodilution/hemoconcentration

A

15-20 mins

62
Q

Hemoconcentration, Anaerobiosis, Increased potassium and low oxygen is caused by:

A

Prolonged tourniquet

63
Q

Increase glucose, growth hormone, cortisol, cholesterol, TAG and Urea is caused by:

A

Smoking

64
Q

Increase Albumin, ALP, phosphorus , cholesterol is caused by:

A

Old age

65
Q

It increases in male:

A

Albumin, ALP, creatine, Ca2+, uric acid, CK, AST, PO4, BUN, Mg2+, bilirubin, cholesterol

66
Q

It increases in females:

A

Fe, cholesterol, y-globulins, a-lipoproteins

67
Q

It increases in the morning:

A

ACTH, cortisol, Fe, aldosterone

68
Q

It increases in the evening:

A

ACP, growth hormone, PTH, TSH

69
Q

Increases during stress:

A

ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines

70
Q

Primary responders to stress

A

Catecholamines

71
Q

Increases during intramuscular injection:

A

CK and LD

72
Q

It increases in morphine and meperidine:

A

Liver and pancreatic enzymes

73
Q

Test that requires fasting:

A

FBS, GTT, TAG, Lipid Panel, Gastrin, Insulin, Aldosterone and Renin

74
Q

Tests that require anaerobic and ice slurry

A

Lactic acid, Ammonia, blood gas and ionized calcium

75
Q

Tests that should be protected from light

A

Bilirubin, carotene, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, niacin, vitamins and CK

76
Q

Test results that indicate a potentially life-threatening situation

A

Critical values

77
Q

Reasons for specimen rejection

A

Hemolysis
Lipemia
Clots in anticoagulated tube
Non fasting specimen
Wrong blood collection tube
Short draws
Improper transport

78
Q

It increases if the specimen is hemolyzed:

A

Potassium, ammonia, PO4, Fe, Mg2+, ALT, AST, LD, ALP, ACP, catecholamines, CK

Clinical Chemistry (6 decks)

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