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Finals > AUBF-Lab-Stool > Flashcards

AUBF-Lab-Stool Flashcards

1
Q

The third part of the routine urinalysis is the ______ examination of the urinary sediment.

A

microscopic

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2
Q

Micro Exam of Urine: Its
purpose is to detect and to identify ______ material present in the urine.

A

insoluble

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3
Q

These contributes to the formed elements in urine.

A

blood
Kidney
lower genitourinary tract external contamination

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4
Q

Formed elements in the urine consists of (9)

A

RBCs
WBCs
epithelial cells
casts
bacteria
yeast
parasites
mucus
spermatozoa
crystals
artifacts

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5
Q

Because some of these components are of no clinical significance and others are
considered normal unless they are present in ______ amount, examination of the urinary sediment
must include both ______ and ______ of the elements present.

A

increased; identification and quantification

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6
Q

The ______ microscopic examination is the least standardized and most ______ part of the routine urinalysis.

A

urine; time consuming

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7
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Acid
Yellow-brown
Alkali soluble

A

Uric Acid

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8
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Acid
Brick-dust or
Yellow-brown
Alkali and heat

A

Amorphous urates

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9
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Acid/neutral (alkaline)
Colorless (envelope)
Dilute HCI

A

Calcium oxalate

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10
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Alkaline/neutral
White-colorless
Dilute acetic acid

A

Amorphous phosphates

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11
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Alkaline/neutral
Colorless
Dilute acetic acid

A

Calcium phosphates

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12
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Alkaline
Colorless “Coffin Lids”
Dilute acetic acid

A

Triple phosphate

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13
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Alkaline
Yellow-brown “Thorny Apples”
Acetic acid with heat

A

Ammonium biurate

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14
Q

Identify the Urinary Crystal: Alkaline
Colorless “dumbbell”
Gas from acetic acid

A

Calcium carbonate

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15
Q

Identify the Abnormal Urinary Crystal:
Acid
Colorless
Ammonia, dilute HCI

A

Cystine

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16
Q

Identify the Abnormal Urinary Crystal:
Acid
Colorless (notched plates)
Chloroform

A

Cholesterol

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17
Q

Identify the Abnormal Urinary Crystal:
Acid/neutral
Yellow
Hot alkali or alcohol

A

Leucine

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18
Q

Identify the Abnormal Urinary Crystal:
Acid
Yellow
Acetic acid, HCI, NaOH, Ether,
Chloroform

A

Bilirubin

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19
Q

Identify the Abnormal Urinary Crystal:
Acid/neutral
Varied
Acetone

A

Sulfonamides

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20
Q

Identify the Abnormal Urinary Crystal:
Acid
Colorless
10% NaOH

A

Radiographic dye

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21
Q

Identify the Abnormal Urinary Crystal:
Acid/neutral
Colorless
Refrigeration from bundles

A

Ampicillin

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22
Q

What are the NORMAL urinary crystals found in urine? (8)

A

Uric Acid
Amorphous urates
Calcium oxalate
Amorphous phosphates
Calcium phosphates
Triple phosphate
Ammonium biurate
Calcium carbonate

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23
Q

What are the ABNORMAL urinary crystals found in the urine? (7)

A

Cystine
Cholesterol
Leucine
Bilirubin
Sulfonamides
Radiographic dye
Ampicillin

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24
Q

What are the CASTS seen in urine? (6)

A

Waxy Casts
Granular Casts
Fatty Casts
Granular WBC Casts
WBC & Renal Epithelial Casts Cells
WBC & RBC Casts

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25
Q

Microscopic Examination of Urine Procedure

A
  1. Bring pathologic urine samples in the laboratory
  2. Fill the test tube with % full of urine
    **Take note of the color and chemical properties of the specimen by using a dipstick (for correlation only)
    before centrifuging
  3. Centrifuge at high speed for 5-10minutes
  4. Decant the supernatant fluid and allow throw tube to stand for some time
  5. Focus first under the low power objective and then examine well under the high power objective
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26
Q

Stool examination is often done for evaluation of?

A

gastrointestinal disorders

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27
Q

Stool examination can be used to diagnose several disorders such as?

A

Gl obstruction
obstructive jaundice
parasitic disease
dysentery
ulcerative colitis
increased fat excretion

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28
Q

An adult excretes ______ of fecal matter a day, of which as much as 75% may be _______.

A

100g to 200g; water

29
Q

The feces are what remain of the ______ of digested fluid-like material that enters the intestinal tract a day, and oral fluid, saliva, gastric secretion, pancreatic juice and bile add to the formation of feces.

A

8 to 10L

30
Q

The ________ (3) of
the stool should be noted.

A

quantity
form consistency
color

31
Q

Large amounts of mushy,
frothy, foul smelling stool are characteristic of?

A

steatorrhea

32
Q

Feces have a characteristic odor that varies with the _____ and _____ of the stool.

A

diet and pH

33
Q

The first indication of gastrointestinal disturbances can often be provided by changes in the ______ and ______of the normal stool.

A

brown color and formed consistency

34
Q

The brown color or normal feces is probably due to _______, a bile pigment derivative.

A

stercobilin (urobilin)

35
Q

What Color of Stool will be caused by the ff?
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Iron Therapy
Charcoal
Bismuths (Antacids)

A

Black

36
Q

What Color of Stool will be caused by the ff?
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Beets and food coloring
Rifampin

A

Red

37
Q

What Color of Stool will be caused by the ff?
Bile-duct obstruction
Barium sulfate

A

Pale, Yellow, White, Gray

38
Q

What Color of Stool will be caused by the ff?
Biliverdin/Oral Antibiotics Green vegetables

A

Green

39
Q

What Color of Stool will be caused by the ff?
Bile-duct obstruction
Pancreatic disorders

A

Bulky/Frothy

40
Q

What Color of Stool will be caused by the ff?
Intestinal constriction

A

Ribbon-like

41
Q

What Color of Stool will be caused by the ff?
Colitis
Dysentery
Malignancy
Constipation

A

Mucus/Blood streaked mucus

42
Q

STOOL CONSISTENCY (5)

A

FORMED
SEMI-FORMED
SOFT
WATERY
MUCOID

43
Q

The most frequently performed fecal analysis is chemical screening for the detection of ________.

A

occult (hidden) blood

44
Q

Bleeding in the upper GI tract may produce a ______, ______ stool.

A

black, tarry

45
Q

Bleeding in the lower GI tract
may result in an overtly ______ stool.

A

bloody

46
Q

_______ testing is also controversial owing to many false-positive and false-negative results.

A

Occult blood

47
Q

**Patients must be on a ______ diet for ______ prior to the test to avoid false positive
reaction. Salmons, sardines, and mutton also
produce positive blood test.

A

meat-free; 4 days;

48
Q

What foods can cause positive result in occult blood testing?

A

Salmons, sardines, and mutton

49
Q

What are the tests for testing of occult blood?

A

Benzidine Test
Guaiac Test

50
Q

Procedure for Benzidine Test:

A
  1. Take a piece of stool about a size of a pea and place on the spot plate
  2. Add few drops of unsaturated solution of benzidine in glacial acetic acid and mix with feces
    using an applicator
  3. Add a few drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide is produced
51
Q

Positive Result of Benzidine Test

A

A blue to green color is produced

52
Q

Procedure of Guaiac Test

A
  1. Take a piece of feces the size of a pea and
    place on a spot plate
  2. Add 2 drops of glacial acetic acid and mix with
    the feces, using an application stick
  3. Add a few drops of the Guaiac reagent. Mix.
53
Q

Positive result of Guaiac Test

A

A blue to green color is produced

54
Q

Increased destruction of red blood cells, as in hemolytic anemia, increases the amount
of _______ excreted.

A

urobilinogen

55
Q

Liver disease, in general, reduces the flow of ______ to the intestine and thereby decreases the fecal excretion of urobilinogen.

A

bilirubin

56
Q

In addition, complete ______ of the bile duct reduces urobilinogen to very low levels.

A

obstruction

57
Q

DETECTION OF FECAL UROBILIN: This test investigates ______ and _____ conditions.

A

hemolytic diseases and
hepatic obstructive

58
Q

is an estimation of the total excretion of bile pigments, which are breakdown products of hemoglobin.

A

Determination of stool urobilinogen

59
Q

Reference Values or Stool Urobilin in adult? in newborns-6months

A

50-300 mg/24hourss or 100-400 Erlich units/100g

Newborns - 6 months: Negative

60
Q

Principle of Schmidt’s Test

A

Hydrobilirubin unites with mercury compounds to form a red hydrobilirubin -mercury

61
Q

Procedure of Schmidt’s Test

A
  1. Place a few grams of fresh feces in a mortar
    and add an equal quantity of 10% mercuric
    chloride solution.
  2. Mix well with pestle
  3. Transfer to a shallow evaporating dish and
    allow to stand 6-24 hours
62
Q

Positive result of Schmidt’s Test: Urobilin which is normally
present will give a _____ color
Bile which is not normally present in feces will
give a _____ color

A

red; green

63
Q

Positive result of Schmidt’s Test: Urobilin which is normally
present will give a _____ color
Bile which is not normally present in feces will
give a _____ color

A

red; green

64
Q

Microscopic screening of fecal smears is performed to detect the presence of_____ associated with microbial
diarrhea and undigested muscle fibers and
fats associated with steatorrhea.

A

leukocytes

65
Q

Fecal leukocytes primarily _______, are seen in the feces in conditions that affect the
intestinal mucosa, such as _____ and _____.

A

neutrophils; ulcerative colitis
and bacterial dysentery

66
Q

______ can be helpful in the diagnosis and monitoring of
patients with pancreatic insufficiency, such
as in cases of cystic fibrosis.

A

Undigested striated muscle fibers

67
Q

Procedure of Direct Fecal Smear Method

A
  1. Emulsify a minute amount of the most suspicious portion of the stool with an applicator
    stick and NSS solution.
  2. Place a cover slip
  3. Examine the preparation under the microscope
68
Q

Direct Fecal Smear Method: *This method permits the examination of motile stages of fresh stools. In the case of cyst,
the addition of a drop dilute ______ solution will help in bringing about details in these structure.

A

Lugol’s

Finals (20 decks)

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