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Easter term fourt hyear > cardiovascular/haematological disease in cattle > Flashcards

cardiovascular/haematological disease in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common congenital heart disease

A

Ventricular septal defect
Hear loud blowing systolic murur, palpate precordial thrill
May also see ocular or tail abnormalities e.g microphthalmol

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2
Q

WHat do we hear with patent ductus arteriosis

A

= left to right shunting of blood from aorta to pulmonary artery
So hear continous murmuc

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3
Q

Complications with ventricular septal defects

A

Endocarditis due to turbulence
Eisenmenger complex = sudden cyanosis and exercise intolerance due to reversal of shunt with increased pulmonary vascular resistance

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4
Q

Prognosis for congenital heart conditions

A

Hopeless
Do euthanasia or early slaughter

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of white muscle disease affecting the heart

A

Arrhythmias
Persistent tachycardia
Murmurs
Exercise intolerance
Cyanosis
Dyspnoea

Biochem: high CK, AST, LDH
Low selenuim

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6
Q

What cow breed does bovine leuocyte adhesion deficiency affect

A

Holstein freisian calves
= due to inherited recessive trait
Get deficient beta2 integrin expression

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7
Q

Signs of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

Poor growth, chronic or persistent infection; poorly healing dehorning wounds, ringworm, diarrhoea, keratoconjuncitviits etc
= immunosuppressed

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8
Q

Haematology of cows with bovine leukocyte adhesion defieicny

A

High neutrophils without much left shift
>30,000/microL
Poor leukocyte function test; decreased alkaline phosphate activitiy

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9
Q

Preventing bovine leukocyte adhesion defieicny

A

Don’t mate carrier animals
AI companies do testing on bulls for semen

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10
Q

Which cattle breeds are affected by which type of bovine herediitary dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Type 1 = Hereford
Type 2 = japanese black
Type 3 = holstein freisians and freisian crosses

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11
Q

How does hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy type 1 present

A

In Hereford calves sudden death from acute heart failure
Very rapid growth, short curly coat, bilateral exophthalmos

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12
Q

How does hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy type 2 present

A

Japanese black cattle;
pulmonary oedema and severe dyspnoea then death

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13
Q

How does hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy type 3 present

A

Freisian cows
- Sudden onset congestive right heart failure
Oedema; muffled heart sounds; venous engorgement
most deaths ~3-4 years old in early or late pregnancy

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14
Q

What things can cause septic pericarditis

A

Puncture of the pericardium by metal from reticulum; leads to fibrinopurulent pericarditis

Septicaemic calves/cattle with severe bronchopneumonia –> can get fibrinour pericarditis

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15
Q

Presentation of cows with septic pericarditis

A

VEnous congestion, ventral oedema
Tachycardia
Pain, reluctance to move
Fever
Tachypnoea, dyspnoea

+ positive pain response to pressure or percussion in ventral chest/xiphoid

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16
Q

What haematology/biochem changes are usual with septic pericarditis

A
  • Increased globulin; decreased albumin
  • Neutrophilia
  • Hyperfibrinogenaemia; see as reduced coagulation time
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17
Q

Fluid characteristics on pericardiocentesis with septic pericarditis from trauma reticulopericarditis

A
  • High neutrophils
  • Bacteria
  • Purulent
  • Fibrin clots
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18
Q

What treatment could we give with septic pericarditis

A

Medical: to prolong life
- Systemic antibiotics and drainage

Surgical: for valuable animals; thoracotomy + pericardiectomy/pericardiotomy

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19
Q

How does idiopathic haemorrhagic pericarditits work

A

Get sterile haemorrhagic transudate in pericardial space

See jugular distension, severe submandibular and birsket oedema, muffled heart sounds/washing machine murmur

PCV low: 10-15%

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20
Q

Treatment for idiopathic haemorrhagic pericarditis

A

COrticosteroids (dexamethasone)
Antibiotics
Drainage

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21
Q

What bacteria is most implicated in baterial endocarditis

A

T pyogenes
Streps, staphs, gram -ves,

22
Q

Clinical signs of cow with bacterial endocarditis

A

Weight loss, anorexia, shifting lameness, joint tenderness
+ persistent fever, tachycardia, systolic heart murmur

Pn bloods see increased neutrophils, non regenerative anaemia, increased globulin

23
Q

What echocardiography changes do we see with bacterial endocarditits

A

Thickening of the endocardium and valvular insufficiency

24
Q

Treatment for bacterial endocarditis

A

Penicillin/ampicillin for 3 weeks
Cam give furosemide in cases of ventral odema
NSAIDs
Remove access to salt blocks

25
Q

What toxins can cause myocardial disease

A

Ionophores eaten in toxic amounts
Poisonout plants and fruit pulp

Get decreased cardiac chamber size and altered LV function with ionophores
On necropsy see multifocal myocardial degeneration

26
Q

Which parasites can cause myocardial disease in cattle

A

Cysticercus bovis
Sarcocystic

27
Q

Which bacterial species might be implicated in septic myocarditis

A

Acute H somni infection
T pyogenes chronic infection
Neonatal septicaemia with gram -ves e.g E coli

28
Q

What animals can we not use digoxin in

A

Food producing; wold be useful in inherited myocardial disease

29
Q

What is cor pulmonale

A

= right hearted dilation, hypertrophy and heart failure

Due to increase in pulmonary vascular resistance increasing right sided workload

E.g chronic pneumonia, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscesses, interstitial pneumonia, chronic lungworm parasitisn, some calves with congenital defects causing chronic hypoxia

30
Q

What risk factors are there for brisket disease (specific example of cor pulmonale)

A

Holstein freisians
Exposure to high altitude
Ingesting locoweed or astragalus plants

31
Q

How can we prevent cor pulmoale

A

Avoid resp disease
identify at risk cattle of brisket disease: measure pulmonary artery pressure at altitude, genetic testing, avoiding locowood or astragalus grazing

32
Q

Treating cor pulmonale

A

Treat the respiratory disease + furosemide to help with oedema

In brisket disease, move to lower altitude, give O2 and avoid exercise

33
Q

What is the most common cardiac neoplasia

A

Lymphosarcoma
- Commonly related to bovine leukaemia virus

34
Q

What happens in caudal vena cava thrombosis

A

Rupture or outgrowth of abscesses from iver hilus into CdVC

35
Q

What 3 symptoms might CdVC thrombosis present as

A
  1. Acute death
  2. Acute respiratory distress
  3. MOST COMMON = epistaxis, chronic pneumonia and anaemia syndrome, haemopytsis (coughing up blood0
36
Q

What is caudal vena caval syndrome usually secondary to

A

Ruminitis, runimal acidosis, abomasal ulceration; leads to abscess formation in the liver which then grows out to CdVC

37
Q

What is a common cause of venous thrombosis and phlebitis

A

Perivascular reactions to irritant IV drugs
Traumatic or repeated venepuncture

38
Q

What is more common to see in septic vs non-septic cases of venous thrombosis and phlebitis

A

Fever and anorexia

39
Q

What can be done to minimise the issues of simple thrombosis with perivascular leakage of injected drug

A

Inject saline to dilute the drug
Warm compresses

40
Q

What drug should we give with thrombophlebitis

A

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
BUT remember can’t give in milking animals

41
Q

What can we use to treat frostbite thrombosis

A

Warm circulating water, antibiotics, anticoagulants, surgical tissue debridement
Can inject tissue plasminogen activator prox to the thrombosis but this is expensive

42
Q

How do animals with aortic and iliac artery thrombosis present

A

Acute ataxia onset, posterior paresis, poor hindlimb muscle tone or stimuli response
- Saphenous artery pulse v reduces

Blood biochem shows high CK
ULtrasound shows thrombus at junction of internal and external ilial arteries

43
Q

How could copper deficiency be involved in artery rupture

A

Leads to degeneration of the tunica elastica in arteris
+ deficiency in lysyl oxidase enzyme (contains copper) can cause abnormal collage/elastin cross linking

44
Q

Which arteries are most commonly affected by rupture

A

Uterine
MEsenteric
Aorta

45
Q

What leads to pulmonary artery aneurysm

A

Develops proximal to septic thromboembolic in individuals with caudal vena cava thrombosis syndrome

46
Q

What can lead to mesenteric arterial aneurysms (toxins)

A

Mouldy clover, sweet vernal

47
Q

How to treat aneurysm

A

Surgicall remove it but large risk of arterial rupture and exsanguination

48
Q

HOw might mesenteric arterial aneurysm present

A

Persistent or intermittent colic signs

49
Q

How does bovine neonatal pancytopenia work

A

= haemorrhagic disease of calves
BECAUSE: cow BVD vaccine has some bovine MHC class 1 antigens as impurities so get antibodies against this in cow colostrum

  • If calves share this MHC-1 epitope from the vaccine, get erythrompoeitc and bone marrow cell damage triggered by maternal antibodies
50
Q

Clinical signs of bovine neonatal pancytopenia

A

Signs develop from 10-21 days old; initially bright then rapidly become anaemic, severe internal and external bleeding (petechiae, melaena, mucosal bleeding), fever

On platelet/coagulation tests just see reduction in platelet

51
Q

Which cattle do we see bovine factor XI deficiency in

A

HOlstein
Japanese black

52
Q

How to assess bovine factor XI deficiency

A

APPT time on plasma (intrinsic pathway); will be increased
PCR for abnormal gene FXI

Easter term fourt hyear (48 decks)

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