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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/12/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/12/2023 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What organ system provides a means of gas exchange required by living cells?

A

Respiratory System

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2
Q

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are _____.

A

Inseparable

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3
Q

What is the anatomical organization of the respiratory system?

A

Upper and lower respiratory tracts

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4
Q

What is the functional organization of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting and respiratory portions

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5
Q

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system do?

A

Transport air

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6
Q

What does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system do?

A

Gas exchange in blood

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7
Q

What structures compose the conducting portion of respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways (primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles)

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8
Q

What structures compose the respiratory portion of respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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9
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system? (6)

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
Gas exchange
“Conditions” gasses before reaching the lungs
Sound production
Sense of smell
Protect the body from airborne infections

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10
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration (inhalation) which draws air into the lungs and expiration (exhalation) which forces air out

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11
Q

_____ diffuses into blood while _____ diffuses out the blood.

A

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

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12
Q

How is air conditioned before reaching the lungs?

A

Air is warmed to body temperature, humidified, and cleansed

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13
Q

What other structures aid in sound production beside the lungs and larynx?

A

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips, and tongue

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14
Q

What covers the superior region of the nasal cavity and aids in sense of smell?

A

Olfactory epithelium that detects inhaled molecules that dissolves in the mucus

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15
Q

How does the respiratory system protect the body against airborne infections?

A

Coarse hairs in the nose, twisted passageways that trap insects and microbes, and numerous cells that produce mucus and lysozymes

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16
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Trap inhaled dust, microbes, insects, and pollen

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17
Q

What are lysozymes?

A

Enzymes that destroyed microbial cell walls

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18
Q

What structures compose the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat), and associated structures

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19
Q

What is the main conducting pathway for inhaled air?

A

Nose

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20
Q

What are external nares?

A

Nostrils open on the inferior surface of the nose

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21
Q

What bones form the bridge of the nose and support the nose?

A

Nasal bones

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22
Q

Through internal nares, the nasal cavity is continuous with what?

A

Nasopharynx

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23
Q

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity? (4)

A

frontal bones, nasal bones, cribriform plate, and sphenoid bone

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24
Q

What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity? (2)

A

Horizontal plate of maxillae and horizontal potions of the palatine bones

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25
Q

What is the area near the anterior region of the nasal cavity near the nostrils called?

A

Vestibule

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26
Q

What are the coarse hairs near the vestibule that trap large particles called?

A

Vibrissae

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27
Q

What does the mucus and ciliated epithelium in the nasal cavity do?

A

Move dust and debris towards the nasopharynx

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28
Q

What divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?

A

Nasal septum

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29
Q

What 3 structures form the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage (anterior), perpendicular plate (superior), and vomer bone (posterior)

30
Q

What is another name for turbinates that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

A

Conchae

31
Q

What do conchae do?

A

Create turbulence in inhaled air, which makes the air stay in the nasal cavity for a longer time to get warmed and humidified

32
Q

The superior and middle nasal conchae are part of what bone? What about the inferior nasal conchae?

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid while the inferior nasal conchae are independent bones

33
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do for the skull?

A

Reduce the weight of the skull

34
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses

35
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The throat is a common, funnel-shaped space used by both the respiratory and digestive system that is a common pathway for air and ingested foods

36
Q

What do flexible lateral walls in the pharynx do?

A

Are distensible to force swallowed food into the esophagus

37
Q

What are the 3 different regions found in the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharyx

38
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

Superior region of the pharynx lined with ciliated epithelium that usually only allows the passage of air

39
Q

What blocks food and drink from entering the nasopharynx?

A

Elevation of the soft palate and uvula

40
Q

What connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear, and what is the purpose of it?

A

Auditory (eustachian) tubes help to equalize air pressure behind the eardrum

41
Q

Where are adenoids located?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils are located in the posterior nasopharynx wall

42
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

Middle pharyngeal region that is a common respiratory and digestive pathway for both air and swallowed food/drink

43
Q

What is found in the oropharynx that provide the first line of defense against ingest/inhaled foreign materials?

A

Lymphatic organs (palatine and lingual tonsils)

44
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

Inferior region of the pharynx that is continuous with the larynx and esophagus

45
Q

Why is there only strong epithelium with no cilia in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

Permit the passage of swallowed food and drink

46
Q

Where in the pharynx does food tend to get stuck and block breathing?

A

Laryngopharynx

47
Q

What structures compose the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and associated structures (conducting airways) and respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli (respiratory portion)

48
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A short, cylindrical airway that prevents swallowed materials from entering lower respiratory tract, conducts air into lower respiratory tract, and produces sound

49
Q

How many pieces of cartilage is found in the larynx that form the anterior and lateral walls?

A

9

50
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence?

A

Adam’s apple that is stimulated by testosterone to grow larger and becomes more prominent in males after puberty

51
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

Ring-shaped hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly

52
Q

What does the cricothyroid cartilage do?

A

Attach cricoid cartilage to inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage

53
Q

Where is the cricothyroid cartilage found?

A

4 fingers above the sternal notch

54
Q

What is a cricothyrotomy?

A

An emergency airway opened in the larynx by making an incision through the cricothyroid ligament with an initial vertical incision though the skin followed with a horizontal incision through the cricothyroid ligament

55
Q

What is the large, spoon/leaf-shaped structure formed of elastic cartilage in the larynx called?

A

Epiglottis

56
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Closes the laryngeal opening while swallowing to prevent materials from entering the larynx

57
Q

What happens to the epiglottis during and after swallowing?

A

During swallowing, the larynx elevates and moves forward while the epiglottis moves backwards to block the glottis, and afterwards everything moves back to its initial position

58
Q

What are vestibular folds?

A

Superior ligaments (vestibular ligaments) and the mucous membrane covering them; also called False vocal cords since they have no function in sound production

59
Q

What are true vocal cords?

A

Vocal ligaments (inferior ligaments) and the mucous membranes covering them that produce sound when air passes through

60
Q

What is the opening between the vocal folds called?

A

Rima glottidis

61
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Both the rima glottidis and vocal folds

62
Q

What is affected by the length of vocal cords?

A

Range of voice

63
Q

Longer vocal cords produce what sounds?

A

Lower sounds

64
Q

What does testosterone do the the length of vocal cords?

A

Make vocal cords longer and thicker, which explains deeper voices

65
Q

What is determined by tension/tautness on vocal cords?

A

Pitch/frequency of voice

66
Q

What does increased tension on vocal cords do?

A

Make the vocal folds vibrate more when air passes by to produce a higher sound

67
Q

What does the force of air passing across the vocal folds determine?

A

Loudness of voice

68
Q

Only the _____ portion of the rima glottidis is open and the vocal cords do not vibrate during whispering.

A

Posterior

69
Q

Whispering sounds all of the same _____.

A

pitch

70
Q

What creates the “cracking” sound in a person’s voice during puberty?

A

Laryneal cartilages and vocal cords grow rapidly

71
Q

Children have smaller _____ which produce higher sounds.

A

Vocal Cords

72
Q

Recognizable speech requires the participation of what other structures?

A

Pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, and tongue

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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