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BIOLOGY > Immunity and Defense > Flashcards

Immunity and Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Discharge destructive enzymes to parasites

A

Eosinophils

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2
Q

‘big eaters’ some are able to migrate and others are fixed (spleen)

A

Macrophages

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3
Q

This immune system has slower response

A

Adaptive Immune System

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4
Q

____________ are proteins produced by virus- infected cells which induce nearby cells to produce substances that will inhibit viral spread and replication. White blood cells produce a different type which activates the macrophages.

A

Interferons

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5
Q

All animals have this immune system

A

Innate Immune System

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6
Q

Stimulates the adaptive immunity, found in tissues in contact with the environment.

A

Dendritic Cells

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7
Q

Types of Phagocytic Cells

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells
Eosinophils
Dendritic Cells

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8
Q

For a pathogen, the internal environment of an organism is a nearly ideal habitat. The animal body offers a ready source of nutrients, a protected setting, and a means of transport to new environments. Fortunately, adaptations have arisen over the course of evolution that protect animals against many pathogens.

A

Defense and Immunity

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9
Q

Promotes blood flow which results to redness and increase in skin temperature.

A

Cytokines

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10
Q

____________ free flowing proteins in the blood plasma which is activated by the surface of microbes. Activation results to complement cascade which eventually results to lysis (bursting) of invading cells.

A

Complementary system

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11
Q

Barrier Defenses in Innate Immunity of vertebrates

A

Skin
Mucous Membranes (Mucus; traps pathogens and other foreign bodies)
Secretion (Saliva, Tears, Mucus)

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12
Q

Two steps of Immune System

A

Immune Recognition
Immune Response

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13
Q

Only vertebrates have this immune system

A

Adaptive Immune System

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14
Q

The pain and swelling that alerts you to damage of your skin which is resulted by signaling molecules being released.

A

Inflammatory response

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15
Q

Two Types of Immune System

A

Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System

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16
Q

Dilates blood vessels to become more permeable, which results to localized swelling. Released by mast cells.

A

Histamine

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17
Q

Detect and kill virus-infected and cancerous cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

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18
Q

Fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue.

A

Pus

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19
Q

Found in blood and attracted by signals of infected tissues to locate pathogens

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

This immune system has rapid response

A

Innate Immune System

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21
Q

In this immune system, recognition of traits is shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors

A

Innate Immune System

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22
Q

Two Peptides and Proteins unique to mammals

A

Interferons
Complement system

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23
Q

In this immune system, recognition of traits is specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors.

A

Adaptive Immune System

24
Q

The adaptive response relies on __________ and __________, which are types of white blood cells called ____________.

A

T cells, B cells, lymphocytes

25
Q

developed in the Bone marrow, secretes antibodies/immunoglobulin.

A

B cells

26
Q

developed in the Thymus

A

T cells

27
Q

True of False

Both B cells and T cells have Immunological memory.

A

TRUE

28
Q

used for recognition in adaptive immunity. Binds to one part of one molecule of a particular pathogen.

A

Antigen Receptor

29
Q

B cells, once activated, produces (through clonal selection):

A

Plasma Cells
Memory Cells

30
Q

a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs.

A

Lymphatic System

31
Q

helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream.

A

Lymphatic System

32
Q

Lymphatic system also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells called _____________

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

Plants respond to infection using a _______________________.

A

two-branched innate immune system.

34
Q

The ___________ recognizes and responds to molecules common to many ____________, including non-pathogens.

A

first branch, classes of microbes

35
Q

The ________________ responds to __________________, either directly or through their effects on host targets. (Damage Control)

A

second branch, pathogen virulence factors

36
Q

Types of Plants Defensive Mechanisms

A

Thorn
Prickle
Spine
Trichome
Idioblast
Mutualism
Crypsis
Chemical Signaling

37
Q

are basically pointy branches or stems.

A

Thorns

38
Q

Their defensive function is somewhat self-evident: they’re stabby.

A

Thorns

39
Q

True or False

Roses have thorns

A

FALSE

(They actually have prickles instead of thorns)

40
Q

are actually pointed protuberances from a plant’s epidermis.

A

Prickles

41
Q

While they shield the plants that bear them from some depredations, certain species of planthopper, small enough to squeeze between them and slurp up sap, actually mimic their spiky appearance to avoid predators.

A

Prickles

42
Q

Many plants have _____________, but they are perhaps most memorably marshalled by the _______, who sport them in abundance

A

spines, cacti

43
Q

not only defend the juicy stems of cacti against ravenous succulent-eaters, but also shade them from the relentless desert sun.

A

Spines

44
Q

Nettles and other plants grow a bristling fur of these pointed structures to shield themselves from browsing.

A

Trichome

45
Q

Some plants—like the ____________—have associated glands that inject poison into the trichome-inflicted wounds.

A

nettle

46
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Some tropical nettles can cause permanent nerve damage…or death.

A

TRUE

47
Q

TRUE or FALSE

All plants bear their defenses on the surface

A

FALSE

(Not all plants bear their defenses on the surface)

48
Q

If thorns, spines, prickles, and trichomes are the spear brigade, ___________ are the landmines.

A

idioblasts

49
Q

Specialized cells that contain a variety of defensive compounds, from razor-sharp crystals to pain-inducing chemicals, ________________ detonate when the first line of defense has been breached.

A

idioblasts

50
Q

Some plants have opted to hire mercenaries.

A

Mutualism

51
Q

The ants savagely defend their “giving trees” against all comers, be they animal, vegetable, or fungus.

A

Mutualism

52
Q

The ‘camouflage’ mechanism of plants

A

Crypsis

53
Q

happens when a plant resembles its background or an inanimate object to dissociate themselves as food for their predators

A

Crypsis

54
Q

Plants that are attacked by browsers or insect pests or subjected to stressful conditions such as drought or microbial infection may warn other plants of the impending crises by releasing __________________________, which precipitate physiological reactions in nearby plants.

A

Chemical Signaling, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

55
Q

They may increase concentrations of toxic compounds to ward off the enemy, or they may release compounds of their own that attract the enemy’s predators.

A

Chemical Signaling

56
Q

ome recent experiments have shown that plants also communicate through chemicals released by their _______ and even via _______________________________.

A

roots, networks of fungal symbionts.

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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