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BIOLOGY > Sensory and Motor Mechanisms > Flashcards

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

After the stimuli was processed by the brain in
the sensory pathway, The brain will release a
response in a form of _____ ______ which will
go to the _____ ______ that will instruct a
______ ________ a directed movement.

A

motor output, muscle neurons, muscle fiber

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2
Q

the product of filament movement powered by chemical energy; muscle extension occurs only passively.

A

Muscle contraction

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3
Q

Muscle cell contraction relies on the interaction between protein structures called _________________________.

A

thin and thick filaments

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4
Q

The major component of thin filaments is the _________________.

A

globular protein actin

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5
Q

In thin filaments, ___________________ called microfilaments function in cell motility.

A

actin structures

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6
Q

Muscle Contraction- A contracting muscle __________, but the filaments that bring about contraction _______________________.

A

shortens, stay the same length

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7
Q

To explain this apparent paradox, we’ll focus first on a single ___________. The filaments slide past each other, much like the segments of a ___________________.

A

sarcomere, telescoping support pole

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8
Q

According to the well-accepted __________________
model, the thin and thick filaments ratchet past each other, powered by myosin molecules.

A

sliding-filament

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9
Q

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
myoglobin-OXIDATIVE FIBERS)

A

-Red Meat
-More Myoglobin

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10
Q

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
myoglobin-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS)

A

-White Meat
-Less Myoglobin

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11
Q

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
speed of contraction) - FAST TWITCH FIBERS

A

◦enable brief, rapid, powerful contractions.
◦Could be oxidative or glycolytic
◦Type II Muscles

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12
Q

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
speed of contraction)- SLOW TWITCH FIBERS

A

◦2-3x slower than fast twitch
◦Only oxidative
◦Type I Muscles

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13
Q

Types of Skeletal System

A

Hydrostatic Skeletons
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons

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14
Q

he growth and development of plants in response to light. It allows plants to optimize their use of light and space.

A

Photomorphogenesis

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15
Q

is used to describe a sensory cell or organ, as well as the subcellular structure that detects stimuli.

A

Sensory Receptors

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16
Q

Sensory Pathways

A
  • Sensory Reception and Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Perception
  • Amplification and Adaptation
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17
Q

the ability to use light to track time. Plants can tell the time of day and time of year by sensing and using various wavelengths of sunlight.

A

Photoperiodism

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18
Q

A sensory pathway begins with ___________, the detection of a stimulus by sensory cells.

A

Sensory Receptions

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19
Q

a directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even
away from, light.

A

Phototropism

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20
Q

made up of chromophore, light-absorbing pigment, and different photoreceptors, which mediates plant’s reaction to light.

A

Chromoprotein

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21
Q

Phytochromes have two photo-interconvertible forms:

A

Pr and Pfr

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22
Q

Some sensory cells are themselves ______________, whereas others are ______________ that regulate neurons.

A

Specialized neurons, Nonneuronal cells

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23
Q

The conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

A

sensory transduction

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24
Q

the change in membrane potential itself

A

Receptor Potential

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25
Q

are graded potentials; their magnitude varies with the strength of the stimulus.

A

Receptor Potential

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26
Q

Sensory information travels through the nervous system as _________, or ____________.

A
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26
Q

transducing the energy in a ______ into a _______________ initiates action potentials that are transmitted to the ________.

A

Stimulus, Receptor potential, Central Nervous System (CNS)

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27
Q

When action potentials reach the brain via ____________ , circuits of neurons process this input, generating the _________ of the stimuli.

A

Sensory Neurons, Perceptions

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28
Q

are colors, smells, sounds, and tastes

A

Perceptions

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29
Q

are constructions formed in the brain and do not exist outside it.

A

Perceptions

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30
Q

The transduction of stimuli by sensory receptors is subject to two types of modification

A

amplification and adaptation.

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31
Q

refers to the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction.

A

Amplification

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32
Q

Without ______________ , you would be constantly aware of feeling every beat of your heart and every bit of clothing on your body.

A

Sensory Adaptation

33
Q

Types of Receptors

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Electromagnetic Receptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Pain Receptors
34
Q

sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.

A

Mechanoreceptors

35
Q

sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.

A

Mechanoreceptors

36
Q

the active form

A

Pfr

37
Q

the inactive form

A

phytochrome (Pr)

38
Q

The biologically inactive form of phytochrome (Pr) is converted to the biologically active form Pfr under ________________________________.

A

illumination with red light

39
Q

________________ and __________ convert the molecule back to the inactive form.

A

Far-red light, darkness

40
Q

those that transmit information about total solute concentration

A

general receptors

41
Q

The phytochrome system acts as a _______________________. It monitors the ______, ______, ________, and __________________.

A

biological light switch-
level, intensity, duration, and color of environmental light.

42
Q

phytochrome system is responsible for _______________________ and _______________ of plants.

A

Photomorphogenesis, Photoperiodism

43
Q

those that respond to individual kinds of molecules.

A

specific receptors

44
Q

include both general receptors and specific receptors

A

Chemoreceptors

45
Q

__________________ in the mammalian brain, for example, detect changes in the total solute concentration of the blood and stimulate thirst when osmolarity increases.

A

Osmoreceptors

46
Q

the directional bending of a plant toward or away
from a light source—is a response to blue wavelengths of light.

A

Phototropism

47
Q

glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and amino acids.

A

receptors for specific molecules

48
Q

_____________ phototropism is growth towards a light source, while ___________ phototropism (also called ______________) is growth away from light.

A

Positive, negative (skototropism)

49
Q

are protein-based receptors responsible for mediating the phototropic response.

A

Phototropins

50
Q

In phototropins, the _________________ is a
covalently-bound molecule of flavin; hence, phototropins belong to a
class of proteins called flavoproteins.

A

chromophore

51
Q

Two of the most sensitive and specific chemoreceptors known are found in ____________

A

the antennae of the male silkworm moth

52
Q

another class of blue-light absorbing photoreceptors that also contain a flavin-based chromophore.

A

Cryptochromes

53
Q

____________ set the plant’s circadian rhythm, using blue light cues. There is some evidence that _______________ work together with phototropins to mediate the phototropic response.

A

cryptochromes, cryptochromes

54
Q

Blue Light Responses

A

-Phototropism
-Phototropins
-Cryptochromes

55
Q

ensures that roots grow into the soil and that
shoots grow toward sunlight.

A

Gravitropism

56
Q

Growth of the shoot apical tip
upward is called _______________________,

A

negative gravitropism

57
Q

whereas growth of
the roots downward is called __________________.

A

positive gravitropism.

58
Q

are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity.

A

Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths)

59
Q

are found in shoots and in
specialized cells of the root cap.

A

Amyloplasts

60
Q

_________________ a group of unrelated chemical substances that affect _____________________.

A

Plant hormones, plant morphogenesis

61
Q

Five major plant hormones

A

◦ Auxins; responsible for apical dominance, root growth, directional growth toward light, and many other growth responses.
◦ Cytokinins; stimulate cell division and counter apical dominance in shoots.
◦ Gibberellins; inhibit dormancy of seeds and promote stem growth.
◦ Ethylene; speeds up fruit ripening and dropping of leaves, and
◦ abscisic acid; induces dormancy in seeds and buds, and protects plants from excessive
water loss by promoting stomatal closure.
◦ In addition, other nutrients and environmental conditions can be characterized as
growth factors.

62
Q

responsible for apical dominance, root growth, directional growth toward light, and many other growth responses.

A

Auxins

63
Q

stimulate cell division and counter apical dominance in shoots.

A

Cytokinins

64
Q

For pheromones and other molecules detected by ___________, the stimulus molecule binds to the _____________ on the membrane of the ____________ and initiates changes in ion permeability.

A

Chemoreceptors, Specific receptors, sensory cells

64
Q

detect forms of electromagnetic energy, such as light, electricity, and magnetism.

A

Electromagnetic Receptors

65
Q

inhibit dormancy of seeds and promote stem growth.

A

Gibberellins

66
Q

speeds up fruit ripening and dropping of leaves

A

Ethylene

67
Q

induces dormancy in seeds and buds, and protects plants from excessive water loss by promoting stomatal closure.

A

abscisic acid

68
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect heat and cold.

69
Q

Jalapeno and cayenne peppers that we describe as “hot” contain a substance called a ______________.

A

capsaicin

70
Q

Applying _________to a sensory neuron causes an influx of calcium ions.

A

Capsaicin

71
Q

The receptor opens a___________ in response not only to capsaicin, but also to high temperatures (42°C or higher).

A

Calcium channel

72
Q

spicy foods taste “hot” because they__________________ as hot soup and coffee.

A

activate the same receptors

73
Q

By triggering defensive reactions, such as withdrawal from danger, the_____________ serves an important function.

A

Perception of pain

74
Q

To detect stimuli that reflect such noxious (harmful) conditions, animals rely on ________(from the Latin nocere, to hurt), also called _________.

A

nociceptors, pain receptors

75
Q

damaged tissues produce ____________, which act as local regulators of inflammation.

A

prostaglandins

76
Q

worsen pain by increasing nociceptor sensitivity to noxious stimuli.

A

prostaglandins

77
Q

reduce pain by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.

A

Aspirin and ibuprofen

78
Q

Types of Sensory Processes in Humans

A
  • Visual
  • Auditory
  • Olfactory
  • Gustatory
  • Tactile
  • Proprioceptive
  • Vestibular
  • Interoceptive

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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