Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural selection

A

a theory developed by Charles Darwin that states that as the environment changes, different characteristics are selected to be more favorable for survival.

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2
Q

Artificial selection

A

process by which humans choose which organisms reproduce

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3
Q

5 principles of natural selection

A

Overproduction, Competition, variation, survival of the fittest, speciation (sisters fight over cute vetements)

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4
Q

5 key pieces of evidence for natural selection

A

Biogeography, Biochemistry, Comparative anatomy, Embryology, Fossil Record

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5
Q

Overproduction

A

many members of a species will be born, not all with reach reproductive age

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6
Q

Competition

A

the presence of many members of a species will create competition for resources

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7
Q

Variation

A

There is variety in inherited traits

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8
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

only individuals with advantageous variations will survive

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9
Q

Speciation

A

over many generations of passing on inherited (successful) traits, new generations will not look like their ancestral stock.

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10
Q

Biogeography

A

identifies similar organisms in different continents with similar environmental conditions.

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11
Q

Biochemistry

A

Proteins, DNA, and chromosome that may suggest relatedness (genetic markers, tests)

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12
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Homologous and Analogous structures that can point to degrees of relatedness

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13
Q

Embryology

A

the process by which embryos develop (laying eggs, or giving birth to live animals. Ex: dolphins are closer to mammals, they give birth to live animals, not tuna bc they lay eggs)

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14
Q

Fossil Record

A

Studies the remains of organisms in rocky layers and the way their positioned in strata (the law of superposition)

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15
Q

The law of superposition

A

lower strata contain older organisms, higher strata contain newer organisms. (older at bottom, newer at the top)

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16
Q

Transformation

A

when a new species develop and replace an older one

17
Q

Divergence

A

A process that occurs when two or more related species become more and more dissimilar

18
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

When organisms have a common ancestor and develop unique adaptations that reflect their environmental factors.

19
Q

Geographical isolation

A

Geography prevents organisms from meeting with each other (lakes, oceans, valleys, mountains)

20
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

A biological barrier that prevents organisms from mating with each other (anatomy, eggs vs birth, etc.)

21
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Species that breed at different times of day, no chance of reproductive contact. Mates will never meet because they are sleeping at different times, ex: nocturnal vs diurnal

22
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium/catastrophism

A

When a population has little to no change over a period of time and then a major environmental event occurs which can RAPIDLY and DRASTICALLY change a population, changing subsequent ancestors

23
Q

Gradualism

A

SLOW and SMALL changes that constantly occur over a period of time which can lead to slight variations within a population

24
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar structures that perform different functions (can indicate a closer degree of relatedness)

25
Q

Analogous structures

A

Different structures that perform similar functions (can indicate less relatedness)

26
Q

Ancient Greeks: Plato and Aristotle

A

Organisms were immutable (unchanging) and they did not change from one generation to the next (organisms are the way they are, no change)

27
Q

Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon

A

Noted similarities between humans and apes (shared ancestor?) (kind of started the idea of evolution, first “prototype” of evolution)

28
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

(“father of paleontology”) (his big idea was ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS can force things to change, fossils show us change)

29
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Disagreed with Cuvier; he believed in slight, gradual and constant changes in populations over long periods of time.

30
Q

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

A

(if you don’t use it, you’ll lose it. If it’s useful, you’ll pass it on. Ex. giraffes necks stretched. Vs, snakes lost their feet)

31
Q

Charles Darwin

A

idea of a common ancestor. Theory of Natural Selection. (galapagos islands)

32
Q

Carolus Linnaeaus

A

Created the biological nomenclature system in latin to name organisms (names are based of genus and species)