Evolution

Question 1

Natural selection

Answer 1

a theory developed by Charles Darwin that states that as the environment changes, different characteristics are selected to be more favorable for survival.

Question 2

Artificial selection

Answer 2

process by which humans choose which organisms reproduce

Question 3

5 principles of natural selection

Answer 3

Overproduction, Competition, variation, survival of the fittest, speciation (sisters fight over cute vetements)

Question 4

5 key pieces of evidence for natural selection

Answer 4

Biogeography, Biochemistry, Comparative anatomy, Embryology, Fossil Record

Question 5

Overproduction

Answer 5

many members of a species will be born, not all with reach reproductive age

Question 6

Competition

Answer 6

the presence of many members of a species will create competition for resources

Question 7

Variation

Answer 7

There is variety in inherited traits

Question 8

Survival of the fittest

Answer 8

only individuals with advantageous variations will survive

Question 9

Speciation

Answer 9

over many generations of passing on inherited (successful) traits, new generations will not look like their ancestral stock.

Question 10

Biogeography

Answer 10

identifies similar organisms in different continents with similar environmental conditions.

Question 11

Biochemistry

Answer 11

Proteins, DNA, and chromosome that may suggest relatedness (genetic markers, tests)

Question 12

Comparative anatomy

Answer 12

Homologous and Analogous structures that can point to degrees of relatedness

Question 13

Embryology

Answer 13

the process by which embryos develop (laying eggs, or giving birth to live animals. Ex: dolphins are closer to mammals, they give birth to live animals, not tuna bc they lay eggs)

Question 14

Fossil Record

Answer 14

Studies the remains of organisms in rocky layers and the way their positioned in strata (the law of superposition)

Question 15

The law of superposition

Answer 15

lower strata contain older organisms, higher strata contain newer organisms. (older at bottom, newer at the top)

Question 16

Transformation

Answer 16

when a new species develop and replace an older one

Question 17

Divergence

Answer 17

A process that occurs when two or more related species become more and more dissimilar

Question 18

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 18

When organisms have a common ancestor and develop unique adaptations that reflect their environmental factors.

Question 19

Geographical isolation

Answer 19

Geography prevents organisms from meeting with each other (lakes, oceans, valleys, mountains)

Question 20

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 20

A biological barrier that prevents organisms from mating with each other (anatomy, eggs vs birth, etc.)

Question 21

Temporal Isolation

Answer 21

Species that breed at different times of day, no chance of reproductive contact. Mates will never meet because they are sleeping at different times, ex: nocturnal vs diurnal

Question 22

Punctuated Equilibrium/catastrophism

Answer 22

When a population has little to no change over a period of time and then a major environmental event occurs which can RAPIDLY and DRASTICALLY change a population, changing subsequent ancestors

Question 23

Gradualism

Answer 23

SLOW and SMALL changes that constantly occur over a period of time which can lead to slight variations within a population

Question 24

Homologous structures

Answer 24

similar structures that perform different functions (can indicate a closer degree of relatedness)

Question 25

Analogous structures

Answer 25

Different structures that perform similar functions (can indicate less relatedness)

Question 26

Ancient Greeks: Plato and Aristotle

Answer 26

Organisms were immutable (unchanging) and they did not change from one generation to the next (organisms are the way they are, no change)

Question 27

Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon

Answer 27

Noted similarities between humans and apes (shared ancestor?) (kind of started the idea of evolution, first “prototype” of evolution)

Question 28

Georges Cuvier

Answer 28

(“father of paleontology”) (his big idea was ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS can force things to change, fossils show us change)

Question 29

Charles Lyell

Answer 29

Disagreed with Cuvier; he believed in slight, gradual and constant changes in populations over long periods of time.

Question 30

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Answer 30

(if you don’t use it, you’ll lose it. If it’s useful, you’ll pass it on. Ex. giraffes necks stretched. Vs, snakes lost their feet)

Question 31

Charles Darwin

Answer 31

idea of a common ancestor. Theory of Natural Selection. (galapagos islands)

Question 32

Carolus Linnaeaus

Answer 32

Created the biological nomenclature system in latin to name organisms (names are based of genus and species)